Похмелье — болезнь интернациональная. Итальянцы лечат последствия алкогольных возлияний кофе. С ними солидарны французы — в чашечку крепкой арабики они добавляют щепотку соли. Голландцы следуют правилу «клин клином вышибают», а потому пьют пиво. Поляки — огуречный рассол. Исландцы предпочитают воду с яблочным уксусом и медом. В Китае считается, что лучшее лекарство в этом случае — хорошо заваренный зеленый чай.
Кто-то, находясь в похмельном плену, даже смотреть на еду не может. А кто-то, наоборот, первым делом принимается за приготовление завтрака/обеда/ужина. Немцы достают из холодильника рольмопс (филе маринованной сельди, скрученное в рулетики и приправленное ягодами можжевельника и зернами горчицы). Румыны подогревают густой суп чорба де буртэ из говяжьего рубца и овощей, со сметаной и уксусом. Англичане «заедают» похмелье пищей пожирнее да посытнее: колбасой, беконом, яйцами, запеченными бобами.
Похмельные коктейли
В составе традиционного коктейля — яичный желток, вустерский соус, лимонный сок и щепотка перца.
Среди американцев популярна упрощенная версия: яичный желток с вустерским соусом. Пить — залпом.
Смесь джина, бренди, сока лайма и имбирного пива придется по вкусу гурманам.
Изотонический коктейль (вода, соль, сахар) — тем, кто хочет побыстрее восстановить водно-солевой баланс.
Но далеко не все способы могут похвастаться оригинальностью. Так, медики советуют не изобретать велосипед, а пить простую воду. При необходимости — вместе с лекарством от диареи.
Калифорнийская дизайн-студия Stamen Design занимается картографическими визуализациями. Эти ребята соединили технологии и необычную визуализацию карт, чтобы создать новый взгляд на привычные карты.
Контрастная черно-белая карта. Идеальна для коллажей с данными, изучения речных изгибов и прибрежных зон. Доступна в шести вариантах: стандартный ч/б, гибридный, этикетки, линии, фон и легкий.
Напоминает карту, нарисованную от руки. Акварельная карта использует растровые эффекты и размытия зон поверх текстуры бумаги. Добавит ламповости на любую карту. Вдохновлена проектом Bicycle Portraits.
Горящая карта использует черно-белую карту в качестве основы. На неё накладывается анимация огня. Это способ показать, что карта не обязана «лежать» на экране. Мы можем использовать весь мир как полотно для интерактива и движения.
Для всех, кто живо интересуется историей — интерактивная карта, которая в подробностях повествует о ходе Отечественной войны 1812 года.
Подробная историческая справка, выдержки из воспоминаний и писем очевидцев прилагаются. Картой можно управлять: поворачивать, смещать, изменять масштаб в большую или меньшую сторону.
Опросы проводят различные исследовательские организации, среди которых Институт общественного мнения Гэллапа, компании Ipsos и American Research Group. Доступны результаты общих исследований, а также опросов, проведенных среди потенциальных или зарегистрированных избирателей, только взрослых.
Так, по результатам на 23 января 2017 года (четвертый день после инаугурации), Трампа поддерживало 45—46% респондентов; ровно через год этот показатель упал до 37,3—40,4%. Действия президента, только что вступившего в должность, осуждали 37—45%; сейчас же эти показатели выросли до 53,2—54,3%.
Данные взяты по разным выборкам, поэтому результаты отличаются.
Интересно сравнить (не)популярность Дональда Трампа и предыдущих президентов Штатов. Билла Клинтона через год правления поддерживало 56,5% опрошенных, Джона Кеннеди — 79%, а Джорджа Буша мл. — 81,2%.
Карта показывает примерную миграцию между 2010 и 2015 годами. Синие круги — положительная миграция (приток). Красные круги — негативная миграция (отток). Одна желтая точка — 1000 людей.
Сирия. У Сирии огромный трафик со Швецией. Туда и обратно переезжает много людей. Эта связь больше, чем у Сирии с Европой.
UK. Большинство людей считают, что в Великобританию переезжает много людей из Европы. Но на самом деле, из Европы приезжает лишь малая часть переселенцев. Восприятие иммиграции подействовало на Британию, настолько что она вышла из Евросоюза.
Australia. Иммиграция в Австралии — важная политическая проблема. В Австралию съезжаются люди со всех стран. Это единственная страна, в которую переезжает больше людей из Америки, чем из этой страны в Америку.
USA. Как сказано выше, у США только одна позитивная иммиграционная связь — с Австралией. И не будет сюрпризом, что у США огромный негативный иммиграционный поток. В страну съезжаются люди разных национальностей со всего мира.
Путешествие по миру чай начал из Китая. В богатом на диалекты китайском языке есть два способа произношения слова «чай». Оба, пройдя разными путями, укоренились практически во всех языках мира (за некоторыми исключениями).
Для северных диалектов Китая характерна форма «cha». На запад она пришла «пешком», через Центральную Азию, по Великому шелковому пути, в итоге трансформировавшись в «chay» на персидском языке. Уже отсюда, в неизменном виде, термин внедрился в турецкий и русский языки, а также хинди и урду. С небольшими изменениями — в арабский (shay) и суахили (chai). Японская (ocha) и корейская (cha) формы тоже заимствованы в китайском языке, но, скорее, это произошло еще до того, как о чае узнали в Персии.
На южноминьском языке (прибрежная провинция Китая — Фуцзянь), «чай» произносится как «te». Благодаря голландским торговцам, которые морем везли чай из Китая в Европу, термин перешел в английский (tea), итальянский (té) языки, африкаанс. Эта же форма используется в синхале (Шри-Ланка), яванском (Индонезия) и языке маори (Новая Зеландия).
Интересно, что другие европейцы — португальцы вели торговлю с Макао, где чай — «chá». Вот почему на карте Португалия отмечена не голубым цветом, а розовым.
Конечно, исключения из правил есть. И касаются они чаще языков тех государств, куда чай завозить было не нужно. Яркий пример — Мьянма (Бирма). Среди европейских языков стоит выделить польский и литовский, где этимология слова «чай» имеет другие корни.
The Drama Theater of Tyumen is the largest drama theater in Russia
The Tyumen Drama Theater is an iconic place. Not only is it more than 150 years old, but it is also the largest of all dramatic theaters in Russia. In the mid-19th century, Tyumen was visited by a guest from St. Petersburg, who admired the actors of the amateur troupe. From that moment began the theatrical history of the city.
A bit of history
In 1858 the Tyumen Drama Theater appeared. It was a very important event for the city. It was even reported in the local newspapers. The fact is that before that Tyumen was famous for its trading potential. And the most important entertainment here has always been exclusively gambling card games.
A visiting guest from St. Petersburg was very surprised by the performance of the amateur theater in Tyumen. This fact was recorded. From here the theatrical life of the city dates back. Until then, performances were staged by enthusiasts: teachers from the school, prominent townspeople and their children. So, in 1858, the first performance was staged in the hall of the local district school. It was done especially to raise money for the needs of the girls' school. The play was performed by merchants and teachers. A play with dancing was performed. This event was recorded in the Tobolsk Province Gazette. The actors played great
The first permanent Tecutiev Theater was founded back in 1890. A merchant by the name of Tecutiev was its creator. In love with theatrical art, he maintained it for more than a quarter of a century on his own money, and before his death he bequeathed it to the city.
In different years, the Tyumen Drama Theater changed its name:
In 1919 it was named after Lenin.
In 1924 it was called "chamber.
In 1935 it was given a different name - in honor of the 17th anniversary of the Red Army.
In 1944 it was called "regional" in honor of the formation of the Tyumen region.
Theater building
The modern building, where audiences go today, came into being only in 2008, on Tyumen's 400th anniversary square. It is a chic structure in the form of a palace on five floors. It is decorated with a magnificent facade and many columns. Currently, it is the largest drama theater in the country. Its area is 36,000 square meters.
Outwardly this building somewhat resembles the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow: the same classic forms, gorgeous moldings, columns. The Tyumen Drama Theater was built very quickly. It took only a year and 8 months for the doors to open to the public.
Inside the theater is also incredibly beautiful. The interiors keep up with the pompous façade. There are several stages where plays are shown:
The big hall has 777 seats.
Small hall for 205 seats.
Experimental stage for unusual productions. Located on the 5th floor of the building.
The 10 most famous theaters in the world
Since the beginning of human civilization, theater has been a major source of entertainment. Nowadays, theater and opera productions have not lost any of their popularity and importance, and thousands of people around the world visit theaters every day and enjoy this beautiful art form.
The building of any theater is a unique world with its own history, traditions and secrets. Let's talk about those that are known to the world.
La Scala
Milan's La Scala Theater is justly the most famous theater in the world. And most of all it is associated with opera, although an important place in the repertoire is also occupied by drama and ballet.
La Scala
Built in 1778, the horseshoe-shaped hall has five tiers of boxes. On the stage of La Scala sounded works of famous composers Bellini, Rossini, Donizetti, Verdi. The theater is famous for its impeccable acoustics.
Sydney Opera House
Many people associate Australia with the Sydney Opera House, which is easily recognizable and is one of the country's major landmarks. It is arguably one of the most iconic theaters of our time.
Sydney Opera House
Opened in 1973, the main emphasis was placed on acoustics and visibility, which is why every theatre-goer feels as if he has bought a ticket for the best seat in the auditorium.
The theater building is home to the Sydney Symphony Orchestra, the Sydney Theatre Company, the Australian Ballet and the Australian Opera, with more than 1,500 performances held here annually.
Bolshoi Theatre
The Bolshoi Theater in Moscow is one of the leading theaters in Russia and around the world. Together with the best symphony orchestra, it survived fire, war, and revolution.
Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow
At the entrance, visitors are greeted by a statue of Apollo in a chariot, anticipating the grand performances held at the theater. The theater's ballet troupe is very famous. Yuri Grigorovich staged the legendary Swan Lake and The Golden Age here. The Bolshoi was opened after a major reconstruction in 2011.
Vienna State Opera
Built in 1869, the theater has long had a reputation as the center of musical life in Vienna and all of Austria.
Vienna State Opera
During World War II the building was bombed and almost destroyed. Miraculously, the staircase and some other parts survived. The Vienna State Opera was not rebuilt until 1955. Today it continues to be one of the world's major opera venues. Traditional balls are annually held under the vaults of the Vienna Opera.
Palau de la Musica Catalana
The Palau de la Música Catalana in Barcelona was officially opened in 1908 and almost immediately became a symbol of the city. Its magnificent glass ceiling, rich paintings, stained glass and sculptures turned it into a real work of art. It is one of the few theaters listed as UNESCO cultural heritage.
Palau de la Musica Catalana
The palace is one of the main theatrical and musical venues of Barcelona, where many world celebrities perform, it also hosts important international meetings and conferences, and excursions are organized for tourists.
Les Celestins
The Theater Les Celestins is the main art center of Lyon in France. It is an opera house suitable for grand performances and can seat over 1,000 people. The horseshoe-shaped hall is divided into several levels, so even sitting far from the stage the audience can clearly see and hear everything. The interior is in the royal style with red and gold tones. Outside the building is more austere, decorated with statues.
Les Celestins in Lyon
For more than two centuries, Les Celestins has been staging the best plays, operas, dramas and concerts.
Royal Opera House Convent Garden
London's Covent Garden Theater is well known around the world for its Royal Opera and Royal Ballet productions. The stately building has been home to the world's classical music stars since 1858.
Royal Opera House Convent Garden
Previously, you could only get into the theater before a performance with a ticket, but today you can tour it with a short tour.
The Metropolitan Opera House
The Metropolitan Opera House on Broadway in New York City is another of the world's most famous venues. It is the best theater in the U.S. Leading roles there have been sung by such luminaries as Enrico Caruso and Placido Domingo.
The Metropolitan Opera House
The Met gives more than two hundred performances each year, with occasional television and radio broadcasts.
Odeon Herodes Attica
If you want to visit a theater as old as art itself, go to the Odeon of Herodes Atticus in Athens. It is a classic ancient amphitheater built in 161 AD. Originally there was a roof over it, but it was destroyed.
Odeon of Herodes Atticus in Athens
The theater seats 5,000 people and still hosts plays, ballet, and other events. Even Elton John gave his concert at the Odeon.
Chicago Theater
The Chicago Theater was built in 1921 during the so-called "Golden Age of Entertainment" and was the first luxury theater of its kind to show movies, musicals and various shows. It gradually became a Chicago landmark. Today, the Chicago Theater is a mix of different genres and styles, from plays and comedies to dance shows and pop concerts.
The Chicago Theatre
When you travel around the world, be sure to visit theaters, whether they are world-famous or only known in a small town. Either way, you get a unique opportunity to experience the wonderful world of theater.
The world's most famous opera houses: the famous Italian La Scala in Milan and other opera and ballet buildings
In dramatic theater, music has an auxiliary function, but in opera it is an integral part of the performance along with the stage action and the words.
Because of this, and also because of the nature of the performance itself, the opera is not to everyone's liking and many performances gather half-empty halls.
However, there are also places that always have a full house. Opera fans dream of going to a performance, and the artists dream of going on stage.
In addition, these theaters are monuments of architecture, UNESCO lists them as a World Heritage Site, and tourists throng at the entrance.
"Covent Garden in London
England's most famous opera house "Covent Garden in London rich history and a difficult fate. The building was built in the 20s-30s of the 18th century, and the first performance was held in 1732.
For almost 100 years, Covent Garden was one of only two theaters in the capital (the other was Drury Lane) until it burned down in 1808. A new building was erected in just nine months, but this time it lasted even less: the second fire occurred in 1856.
The third time it took two years to build the theater, October with a production of Meyerbeer's Huguenots.
During World War I it served as a storehouse, and during World War II they turned it into a discotheque.
The revival did not begin until 1945 and, fortunately, there were no more serious incidents with it.
Metropolitan Opera in New York City
The Metropolitan Opera House in New York City was built in 1880 for the company of the same name. The money for the construction and subsequent financing was given by a private stock company, although wealthy art connoisseurs contributed (and still contribute).
The theater works for seven months, giving performances six days a week, with two performances on Saturdays. And the rest of the time the artists go on tour: they are happily received all over the world.
The troupe also performs periodically for free in the parks of New York, where everyone can "join the high". Many spectators then become regular visitors to the Meta (slang name).
"San Carlo in Naples
"San Carlo in Naples - The theater, opened in 1737, is the oldest in Europe, and in the 18th century was also the largest, with a capacity of 3,285 people.
Due to a fire in 1816, two modernizations in 1845 and 1854, and reconstruction after the 1943 bombing, the building has shrunk considerably and now seats 1,386.
It is visited not only by opera fans, but also by lovers of antiquity: in 2011, a museum-archive of historical documents was opened here.
The Odessa National Academic Theater in Ukraine
Odessa National Academic Theater The Opera and Ballet Theater was the first to be built in this city in UkraineIt happened in 1810, but in 1873 it burned down.
The modern theater was built in 1887 by architects Ferdinand Fellner and Hermann Helmer. The pride of this room is its unique acoustics, so well thought out that even a whisper can be heard from the stage in distant corners of the auditorium.
At various times such iconic figures as Peter Tchaikovsky, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Fyodor Chaliapin, Salome Krushelnitskaya and others have performed here.
The Estates Theater in Prague
The building was built in 1783 and for 15 years it was called the theater of Count Nostitz, because it was commissioned by this noble family.
Most of all, fans of Mozart's work dream of coming here, for whom this is a kind of sacred place.
The Estates Theater in Prague - the only one that has survived unchanged to this day where the great composer performed. In 1787 he personally conducted the premiere of Don Giovanni here, and in 1791 he came with the premiere of The Mercy of Titus in 1791.
"Gran Teatro Liceo in Barcelona
"Gran Teatro Liceo in Barcelona Opera lovers want to go there just as much as soccer fans eager to visit the Camp Nou.
It was opened in 1847 with funds from private individuals (which is rare), and already in 1861 there was a fire that severely damaged the building.
In 1893 there was another accident: the terrorist Santiago Salvador planted a bomb inside, which not only damaged the theater, but also killed 20 people.
Novosibirsk State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre in Russia
Novosibirsk State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre in Russia - is the largest and best-equipped theater building in our country, consisting of 6 complexes. It was built in 1945, and in 2005 it was extensively reconstructed.
Interesting fact: In 2015 Metropolitan Tikhon of Novosibirsk and Berd filed a complaint with the prosecutor's office for insulting the feelings of believers. He and some parishioners claimed that Richard Wagner's opera Tannhäuser, directed by Timofey Kuliabin, blasphemously treated religious symbols.
Many prominent cultural figures spoke out in defense of the theater, but the case still went to court. The production was not closed, although the corpse had to remove the image of Christ from it.
The majority considered this event an attempt to introduce censorship in the theater, which has long been feared and awaited. While cinema, television and print media are pressured about the information they contain, the theater is untouched for now, but that may change.
Sydney Opera House
The famous Sydney Opera House formally opened in 1973 and opened by Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain, it is now a major symbol of the city and one of the most recognizable buildings in the world.
Its unique architecture and colossal scale have made it a favorite destination for visitors to Sydney. The theater spans over 2 hectares and is 185 meters long and up to 125 meters wide.
The electricity it consumes would be enough for a city of 25,000 inhabitants, and the signature sailing roof is covered with over 1 million azulejo tiles (Portuguese tiles).
"Grand Opera in Paris
"Grand Opera in Paris or the Opéra Garnier in Paris is a benchmark of the boise-à-porter style in architecture and one of the most beautiful famous theaters in the world.
The entire building, including the Actors' Foyer and Library, is open to the public in the morning and regularly sees crowds of tourists.
Right in the theater is a store with a wide range of books, discs, souvenirs and other products on the theme of ballet and theater.
"La Scala in Milan
If you can say "one of the most famous" about all the other opera houses on our list, then "La Scala in Milan - It's a true center of world opera, with only the very best performing on stage.
It was opened in 1788 on the site of the old church of the same name, which, incidentally, was named after Beatrice Della Scala, a member of Verona's ruling family.
World War II did not spare the theater: it was destroyed by bombing and rebuilt in 1946. Since then, it has been restored several times, the last renovation was completed in 2004.
Interesting fact: While preparing the site for the construction of an Italian theater (in the 18th century), workers dug up a marble slab depicting the mime Pilate, popular in ancient Rome. Architect Giuseppe Piermarini thought it was a good sign and was right: the fame of the theater quickly spread around the world.
Russia's oldest regional theaters
Russia's first public professional theater appeared in 1750 in Yaroslavl.
Since then, their number has been steadily increasing. Kultura.RF offers its list of the oldest theaters located in different parts of our homeland.
Russian State Academic Drama Theater named after Fyodor Volkov
Foundation Date: 1750
Famous people: Fedor Volkov, Ivan Moskvin, Ivan Dmitrievsky
Famous productions: "Bernanda Alba's House, Zoyka's Apartment, Yekaterina Ivanovna
Interesting detail: Fyodor Volkov (the theater's progenitor) played his first performances in... a barn, so local actors often joke that they all came out of a "tannery."
Kaluga Drama Theater
Foundation Date: 1777
Famous people: Vasily Lukov, Ivan Yermolin, Nikolay Nikitin, Egor Poryaev
Famous productions: "Twelfth Night, or Anything?", "The Adventures of Shipov or Old Vaudeville", "Waiting for the Tango"
Interesting detail: A great contribution to the development of theater was made by the famous statesman Anatoly Lunacharsky (he was exiled here in 1900). The future Commissar of Education gave all his free time to the theater. "The only bright spot in the darkness is the theater. Kaluga is ahead of many Russian cities," he said.
V.I. Kachalov Kazan Theater
Foundation Date: 1791
Famous people: Polina Strepetova, Maria Savina, Vladimir Davydov
Famous productions: "Fiddler on the Roof, A Lady's Visit, Fateful Eggs
Interesting detail: In 2006 the Kazan branch of GITIS was based at the theater. Lectures in the capital of Tatarstan were given by Moscow professors. Graduates of the course joined the theater's troupe.
Penza Regional Drama Theater named after A.V. Lunacharsky
Foundation Date: 1793
Famous people: Vsevolod Meyerhold, Mikhail Svetin, Semyon Rheingold, Lyudmila Lozitskaya
Famous productions: "The Strange Man, The Predator, Romeo and Juliet, A Memorial Prayer, The Dolls, A Story of One Crime
Interesting detail: At the beginning of the 19th century Penza had the third largest number of theaters after Moscow and St. Petersburg, and the first among provincial cities. In 2008 the theater building was destroyed by fire, but two years later it was rebuilt. The opening performance was "The Inspector General" directed by Valery Belyakovich.
People's House. 1916
Lunacharsky Penza Regional Drama Theater. 2012.
Nizhny Novgorod State Academic Drama Theater named after M. Gorky
Foundation Date: 1798
Famous people: Antonina Samarina, Nikolay Levkoev, Tatiana Rozhdestvenskaya
Famous productions: "The Cherry Orchard," "Uncle Vanya," "The Meshchane.
Interesting detail: The Nizhny Novgorod Theater has an absolutely special relationship to Maxim Gorky. It is the only theater in Russia where all of his plays and most of his prose works have been staged.
Kostroma State Drama Theater named after A.N. Ostrovsky
Foundation Date: 1808
Famous people: Maria Lvova-Sinetskaya, Glykeria Fedotova, Valentina Fedotova
Famous productions: "Romeo and Juliet, Twelfth Night, Uncle's Dream
Interesting detail: The famous theater building was erected in 1863. It came down to us in almost pristine condition.
The most popular theaters in Moscow
Moscow as a capital city accommodates all possible spheres of human life. One of these spheres is cultural - it's hard to imagine a civilized society without it. And what culture without theater?! As Konstantin Sergeyevich Stanislavsky once said: "Theater begins with a hanger." Here is a list of the best theaters in Moscow, as well as the opportunity to learn what hangers each of them begins with and what carries in itself.
Bolshoi Theatre
The State Academic Bolshoi Theater of the Russian Federation (GABT) is the most famous theater in Moscow and one of the largest and best opera and ballet theaters in Russia and in the world. "Bolshoi Theater" is located in the center of Moscow, on Theater Square. The theater traces its history to 1776. The modern theater building was built in 1825. November 29, 2002 the New Stage of the Bolshoi Theater was opened. The repertoire of the Bolshoi Theater includes mainly classical productions of opera and ballet performances.
Address: Russia, Moscow, Teatralnaya Square, 1.
New stage of the Bolshoi Theater: Moscow, Bolshaya Dmitrovka Street, 4, building 2.
The nearest metro stations: "Teatralnaya", "Ploshchad Revolutsii".
Official website of the Bolshoi Theater: www.bolshoi.ru
The location of the Bolshoi Theater is marked on the city map.
The Bolshoi Theater in Moscow - History
In March 1736, the provincial prosecutor, Prince Pyotr Vasilievich Urusov, began construction of a theater building on the right bank of the Neglinka River, on the corner of Petrovka. Then it was called Petrovsky. But Pyotr Urusov failed to complete construction. The building burned down. After the fire his companion, English businessman Michael Meadows, completed construction of the theater building. It was the first professional theater. Its repertoire included drama, opera and ballet performances. Opera performances were attended by singers and drama actors alike. Petrov
A new theater building was built in 1821-1825 on the same site designed by A. Mikhailov. The construction was supervised by the architect O. Bove. The building was greatly enlarged in size, which is why it was called the Grand Theater at that time. On January 6, 1825, the performance "Triumph of the Muses" was given here. After the fire in March 1853, the building was restored for three years. The work was led by the architect A. Kavos. As contemporaries wrote, the building "fascinated the eye with its proportional parts, where ease was joined to greatness". That is how it has survived until today. In 1937 and in
Bolshoi Theatre - architecture
The building we can now admire is one of the finest examples of Russian classical architecture. It was built in 1856 under the direction of the architect Albert Kavos. During the reconstruction after the fire, the building was completely rebuilt and decorated with a white-stone portico with eight columns. The architect replaced the four-pitch roof with a gable roof, repeating the shape of the portico pediment on the main facade and removing the arched niche. The Ionic order was replaced by a complex one. All details of the exterior decoration were changed. Some architects
The five tiers of the auditorium seat more than 2,100 spectators. It is considered one of the best in the world for its acoustic properties. The hall is 25 meters long from orchestra to back wall, 26.3 meters wide and 21 meters high. The stage portal is 20.5 by 17.8 meters and the stage is 23.5 meters deep. It is one of the beautiful architectural structures of the capital. It was called "a devil of sunlight, gold, purple and snow." The building also hosts important state and public celebrations.
Reconstruction of the Bolshoi Theater
In 2005 the reconstruction of the theater began, and after six years of colossal work, the main stage of the country opened on October 28, 2011. The area of the Bolshoi Theater doubled to 80,000 square meters, an underground part appeared, and the unique acoustics of the hall was restored. The stage now has the volume of a six-story house, all processes in which are computerized. The paintings in the White Foyer were restored. Jacquard fabrics and tapestries in the Round Hall and the Imperial Foyer were restored by hand for five years, restoring every centimeter. 156 mass
There are 17 elevators with buttons from the 10th floor to the 4th floor, and two additional floors below are occupied by mechanics. The auditorium seats 1768 people, while before the reconstruction there were 2100. The theater cafeteria was moved to the 4th floor and is the only room with windows on both sides. Interestingly enough, the tiles in the central foyer were made at the same factory as in the 19th century. The chandelier is especially beautiful, over 6 meters in diameter with gilded suspensions. The new curtain has an embroidered double eagle and the word Russia on it.
Today's Bolshoi Theater includes the opera and ballet companies, the stage and brass orchestra, and the Bolshoi Theater Orchestra. The names of the opera and ballet school are the heritage of Russia and the entire theater world. Over 80 artists were awarded the title of People's Artist of the USSR in the Soviet period. Eight masters of stage received the title Hero of Socialist Labor - I. Arkhipova and Yu. Grigorovich, I. Kozlovsky and Ye. Nesterenko, Ye. Svetlanov, and the world-known ballerinas - G. Ulanova, M. Plisetskaya and M. Semonova. Many artists are People's Artists of Russia
The Bolshoi Theater in Moscow represents one of the world's major theater scenes. It played an outstanding role in the formation of the Russian school of music and the stage and in the formation of Russian national art, including the renowned Russian ballet.
Nearby attractions include
270m State Duma of the Russian Federation 470m Monument to Marshal Zhukov 470m Voskresenskie (Iverskie) Gate 500m Kazansky Cathedral on Red Square 520m Historical Museum [
Maly Theater
The State Academic Maly Theater of Russia is among the most famous theaters in Moscow. The theater is located in the center of the city next to Theatre Square. The theater troupe was established at Moscow University in 1756. The modern building of the Maly Theater was opened on October 14, 1824. The basis of the repertoire of the theater are plays by famous Russian authors.
Address: Moscow, 1 Teatralny Proezd.
The nearest metro stations: Teatralnaya, Ploshchad Revolutsii.
Official website: www.maly.ru
Buy theater tickets online (search for your desired dates at many venues).
What theater to go to? Not an easy question if you are not an experienced theatergoer and have not visited the theater before. Start with any and try different genres. Make up your own idea based on your own experience.
Be sure to go to the opera and the ballet. (Opera on TV is not the same as opera in the theater. Go, and then you can tell if you like it or not.)
State Academic Theater "Moscow Operetta
The State Academic Theater "Moscow Operetta" is one of the most popular musical theaters in Moscow. The Moscow Operetta Theater was opened in 1922. The theater's repertoire includes both classical operettas and modern, well-known musicals. Address: Moscow, Bolshaya Dmitrovka Street, 6/2. The nearest metro stations: "Teatralnaya and Okhotny Ryad.
Official website: www.mosoperetta.ru
Buy theater tickets online (search for your desired dates at many venues).
Helikon Opera Theater
The Moscow Musical Theater "Helikon Opera" is one of the youngest opera theaters in Moscow. The theater was established in 1990. On the stage of the theater the best opera performers of Russia. The theater "Helikon Opera" repeatedly became the winner of various professional competitions. The repertoire includes opera works by the most famous authors.
The main building of the theater is under restoration. Since May 27, 2007, all performances of the theater are held in the "Helikon on Arbat" at the address: Novy Arbat, 11. Address: The building at 19/16 Bolshaya Nikitskaya Street. The nearest subway station: Arbatskaya.
Official website: www.helikon.ru
Clarify the repertoire of theatersYou can find the ticket price and availability online.
Lenkom Theater
The Moscow State Theater "Lenkom" is among the most popular theaters in Moscow. The name Lenkom comes from the former name of the Leninsky Komsomol Theater. The theater exists since 1927. In different years many famous Soviet and Russian actors worked at the theater. The theater repertoire includes both works of classical theater and works of contemporary authors. The auditorium has 639 seats. Address: 127006, Moscow, ul. Malaya Dmitrovka, 6. The nearest metro stations: "Tverskaya", "Pushkinskaya", "Chekhovskaya".
Official website: http://www.lenkom.ru/
Gorky Moscow Art Theater
The Gorky Moscow Academic Art Theater (MHAT) is a popular drama theater in Moscow. The theater's repertoire includes plays by Russian and foreign authors.
The Moscow Art Academic Theater was founded in 1898. In 1987, the Gorky Moscow Art Theater split into two theaters: the Chekhov Moscow Art Theater (directed by Yefremov) and the Gorky Moscow Art Theater (directed by Tatiana Doronina). Address: Moscow, Tverskoy Boulevard, 22.
Official website: www.mxat-teatr.ru
Chekhov Moscow Art Theater
The Chekhov Moscow Art Theater is a popular theater in Moscow. The theater's repertoire includes plays by famous Russian and foreign authors. Many famous Russian actors have worked at the theater in different years. Address: Moscow, Kamergersky Lane, 3. Official website: www.mxat.ru
Moscow Young Spectator Theater
The Moscow Theater of Young Spectators (MTYUZ) was founded in 1920. The theater's repertoire was geared toward children and young adults. According to the theater's website: the Soviet specifics of "theater for young audiences only" severely limited the repertoire and, therefore, the creative abilities of directors and actors. The theater changed its marketing focus in 1987. Currently, most theater performances are designed for adult audiences. The auditorium has 603 seats. Address: Moscow, Mamonovsky Lane 10. The nearest subway station: Pushkinskaya.
Official website: www.moscowtyz.ru
New Opera Theater
"New Opera" is one of the youngest musical theaters in Moscow. The New Opera Theater was founded in 1991 and soon became considered one of the best opera theaters in Russia. The theater's repertoire includes classical operas by Russian and foreign authors, original performances-divertissements, as well as operas of the XX-XXI centuries.
The company is the recipient of numerous awards: the Golden Mask National Opera Award, the Casta Diva Russian Opera Award, the Triumph Independent Award and the Sony BMG Greece Award. In 1999 the theater was accepted into the European Opera Europa Community.
Official website: www.novayaopera.ru Address: Russia, Moscow, Karetnyi Ryad Street, 3, building 2 (Hermitage Garden). The nearest metro stations: "Pushkinskaya, Chekhovskaya, Tverskaya, Mayakovskaya.
Moscow Sovremennik Theater
The Moscow Sovremennik Theater was founded by a group of young actors in 1956. Since its inception, the theater has been popular with Moscow residents. Of the more than one hundred plays staged at the theater over its entire existence, almost two-thirds have been written by authors specifically for the Sovremennik Theater and were first staged there. Since early 2014 the Moscow Sovremennik Theater has also played at the Yauza Palace Theater. (Address: 107023, Moscow, Zhuravleva Square, 1.)
Official website: www.sovremennik.ru Addresses: Chistoprudny Boulevard, 19, Chistoprudny Boulevard, 17. How to get there: from the Chistye Prudy, Turgenevskaya, and Sretensky Boulevard metro stations on foot (about ten minutes) along Chistoprudny Boulevard.
Mossovet Theater
The Mossovet Theater was founded in 1923 as a theater of the Moscow Provincial Council of Trade Unions (MGSPS). The theater has two stages. The main theater has 894 seats, an additional theater has 120 seats for the audience.
The theater's official website: www.mossoveta.ru Address: Moscow, Bolshaya Sadovaya Street, 16. The nearest subway station: "Mayakovskaya.
Vakhtangov Theater
The Vakhtangov State Academic Theater was created in 1921. Until 1926, the theater was called the Third Studio of the Moscow Art Theater. Since its inception, the theater has been one of the most popular dramatic theaters in Moscow. The theater building is located in the center of Moscow's famous Arbat Street. Address: The city of Moscow, Arbat Street, 26. The nearest subway station: Arbatskaya.
Official website: www.vakhtangov.ru
Obraztsov Puppet Theater
The State Academic Central Puppet Theater named after S. V. Obraztsov is the world's largest puppet theater, the only theater of its kind in Moscow. The theater is located in the central part of the city on the Garden Ring. The theater exists since 1931.
In 1937, a Puppet Museum was founded at the theater, and its collection is considered one of the best in the world. A unique puppet clock was installed on the facade of the theater, which has become one of the attractions of Moscow. Address: Moscow, Sadovaya-Samotechnaya Street, 3. The nearest subway station: Tsvetnoy Boulevard.
The theater's official website: www.puppet.ru Theater locations is marked on a map of the city.
Meteorites hitting the earth! Shockwave and consequences
The largest meteor shower
The largest meteor shower - Leonids
As written in various documentary sources, on November 13, 1833 a meteor rain fell over the Earth. In one hour there were up to 200 thousand meteors (I do not know how it was counted.) Many at the time thought it was the end of the world. Astronomers realized that meteors come to us from outer space, and are not a product of the Earth's atmosphere, as rain - so until then it was thought.
The comet closest to Earth
Comet Lexel
In 1770, Comet Lexel approached Earth at a distance of approximately 2.2 million kilometers. This comet is named after Andrew Lexel, an observational astronomer who specialized in comets and calculated its orbit. No one has seen the comet since then. It is believed that its trajectory shifted due to its approach to Jupiter and it flew out of the solar system.
The nature and behavior of falling meteorites
Most of the celestial visitors to our planet at different times are stone, iron and combined meteorites (iron-stone). The first are the most frequent phenomena in nature. These are the residual fragments from which the planets of the solar system were once formed. Iron meteorites are composed of iron of natural origin and nickel, and the proportion of iron in them is over 90%. The number of iron space visitors who reached the surface layer of the crust does not exceed 5-6% of the total.
Goba
Goba is by far the largest meteorite found on Earth. A huge block of extraterrestrial origin, the iron giant weighing 60 tons fell to Earth in prehistoric times, and was only found in 1920. This space object is now known only because it consists of iron.
Stone meteorites are not as durable formations, but can also reach large sizes. Most often, such bodies collapse during flight and upon contact with the ground, leaving behind huge craters and craters. Sometimes a stone meteorite during flight through the Earth's dense atmosphere collapses, causing a violent explosion.
Such a phenomenon is still fresh in the memory of the scientific community. In 1908, the collision of planet Earth with an unknown celestial body was accompanied by an explosion of enormous force, which occurred at a height of about ten kilometers. The event took place in Eastern Siberia, in the basin of the Podkamennaya Tunguska River. According to the calculations of astrophysics, the Tunguska meteorite explosion of 1908 had a 10-40 Mt TNT equivalent power. The shock wave circled the globe four times. For several days in the area from the Atlantic to the Far East and beyond.
The Tunguska phenomenon
Another space giant left behind the enormous crater Chicxulub, located on the Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico). The diameter of this giant depression is 180 km. The meteorite that left behind such a huge crater could have weighed several hundred tons. Not for nothing do scientists consider this meteorite the largest of all those that have visited the Earth in its long history. No less impressive is the meteorite impact in the United States, the world famous Arizona crater. Perhaps the impact of this huge meteorite was the beginning of the end of the din
Arizona Crater
Such destruction and such large-scale consequences are the result of the huge speed of a meteorite rushing toward the Earth, its mass and size. A falling meteorite with a speed of 10-20 kilometers per second and a mass of tens of tons can cause enormous destruction and casualties.
Even not so large space visitors reaching us can cause local destruction and create panic among the civilian population. In the new era, humanity has repeatedly encountered such astronomical phenomena. In fact, all but panic and excitement were limited to curious astronomical observations and subsequent study of meteorite impact sites. Such was the case in 2012 during the visit and subsequent fall of a meteorite with the beautiful name of Sutter Mill, which according to preliminary data was ready to shred the U.S. territory and
Meteor shower in China
Such astrophysical phenomena occur regularly. This is due to the fact that meteoroid streams carried in our solar system, from time to time can cross the orbit of our planet. A striking example of such meetings are considered regular dates of the Earth with the Leonid meteor shower. Among the known meteor streams it is with Leonids the Earth is forced to meet every 33 years. In this period, which falls on the calendar month of November, starfall is accompanied by falling debris on the Earth.
Asteroid falling to Earth
What if a meteor hit the earth at the speed of light?
The most famous and destructive meteorites in history - a nightmare from outer space that fell to Earth
There are a great many asteroids in the solar system. They are mostly concentrated in the area called the Main Asteroid Belt. It is located at a considerable distance from Earth - between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
From time to time individual asteroids are knocked out of it, and so it happens that in very rare cases their trajectory crosses the Earth, and then expect trouble. In the history of mankind, the most known 16 cases of meteorites falling on our planet.
Jilin Meteorite (Girin)
In 1976, the heaviest meteor shower of the last century hit the Earth, after which China found fragments of a stone meteorite weighing 4 tons. Similar blocks of stone bombarded China for 37 minutes. The largest shard weighs 1770 kg and anyone can look at it in the museum in the urban district of Girin (Jilin).
Goba
The largest single meteorite in the world is the Goba meteorite: it is located in Namibia and is a block weighing about 60 tons and a volume of 9 m³, at 84% consisting of iron and at 16% of nickel with a small admixture of cobalt. The meteorite surface is iron without any impurities: a single piece of naturally occurring iron of this size is not found on Earth.
Only dinosaurs could observe the fall of Goba to Earth: it fell to our planet in prehistoric times and was buried underground for a long time, until in 1920 it was discovered while plowing a field by a local farmer. Now the object has the status of a national monument, and anyone can see it for a small fee.
It is believed that the meteorite weighed 90 tons when it fell, but over the millennia of being on the planet, erosion, vandalism and scientific studies have served to reduce its mass to 60 tons. Unfortunately, the unique object continues to "lose weight" - many tourists feel obliged to drag away a piece as a keepsake.
Sikhote-Alin meteorite
On February 12, 1947 a huge boulder fell in the Ussuri taiga - the event could be observed by residents of the village Beitsukhe in Primorsky Krai: as always happens with the fall of a meteorite, witnesses spoke of a huge fireball, whose emergence and explosion were followed by rain of iron debris falling over an area of 35 km². Meteorite did not cause significant damage, but punched a number of craters in the ground, one of which was six meters deep.
It is assumed that the mass of the meteorite at the time of re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere was from 60 to 100 tons: the largest of the debris found weighs 23 tons and is considered one of the ten largest meteorites in the world. There are also several large blocks, formed by the explosion - now fragments are stored in the Meteorite Collection of the RAS and Khabarovsk Krai Museum named after N. I. Grodekov.
Murchison Meteorite, Australia, 1969
Murchison Meteorite - the most "living" meteorite found on Earth (Australia).
Research led by Philipp Schmitt-Kopplin of the Institute of Environmental Chemistry in Germany claims that the meteorite contains millions of different kinds of organic molecules, which proves the existence of amino acids beyond our planet. In particular, research in 2008 showed the presence of nucleic bases.
These findings are interpreted by some scientists as evidence that organic compounds brought from outer space by meteorites may have been involved in the origin of life on Earth.
According to scientists, the age of the meteorite is 4.65 billion years, that is, it was formed before the Sun, whose age is estimated at 4.57 billion years.
El Chaco meteorite, Argentina, 4,000 years ago
A meteorite weighing 37 tons was found by scientists in the southwest of Argentina's Chaco province. 4,500 years ago, a meteor shower occurred in the region, leaving many traces. The find was made in an area called the "Heavenly Field."
El Chaco is the second largest meteorite on Earth, weighing 37 tons. It was discovered in 1969. Because it was buried underground, it was found using a metal detector.
What is interesting, El Chaco is only one of the meteorite fragments named Campo del Cielo.
Another meteorite weighing nearly 31 tons was discovered not far from this site in 2016. Gancedo which is believed to be one of the fragments of El Chaco.
Gancedo Meteorite
"The celestial body" is a real treasure trove for astronomers. So far, more than 100 tons of extraterrestrial objects have been extracted from there. According to scientists, so far they have been able to detect only 35% of the total number of falling space objects, but perhaps nothing larger than Gancedo will be found.
Cape York meteorite, Greenland, 10,000 years ago
Cape York Meteorite is the third largest meteorite found on Earth. Named after the place where it was found the largest of its fragments weighing 31 tons on the island of Greenland. Dimensions are 3.4 x 2.1 x 1.7 m. Not far from it were found two more fragments weighing 3 tons and 400 kilograms respectively. However, the total weight of the meteorite is estimated at about 58.2 tons.
The first mention of this meteorite appeared as early as 1818.
The Scottish navigator John Ross, who discovered a hitherto unknown Eskimo settlement, was surprised by the fact that people unfamiliar with metalworking used arrowheads and knives, apparently made of iron. The Eskimos told him that the source of the metal was a certain "iron mountain", information about the location of which was lost.
When items taken with them to England were analyzed, they were found to contain a very high concentration of nickel - higher than in any other natural source on Earth.
Despite numerous further attempts to locate the meteorite, this was not possible until 1894. Currently, the meteorite is on display at the Geological Museum of the University of Copenhagen. It is so heavy that it rests on six massive steel columns, which penetrate the floor of the exhibition hall, pass through the foundation and are built into the rock foundation itself under the museum building.
Peruvian Poison Meteorite, Peru, 2007
In Peru, in the fall of 2017, eyewitnesses witnessed a meteorite fall near Lake Titicaca. They saw a ball of flame approaching the ground with a wild roar. The impact with the surface created a crater 6 meters deep and 30 meters in diameter, from which a hot water fountain erupted. During the boiling water released poisonous gases, which caused mass poisoning among local people. Afterwards, 1500 people living close to the meteorite landing complained of severe headaches.
Scientists have collected meteorite fragments up to five centimeters in diameter around the crater at a distance of up to 200 meters, many large fragments were taken earlier by local residents. They are fine-grained gray brittle pieces of rock with iron flecks.
Chelyabinsk meteorite, Russia, 2013
The worst "space invasion" in Russia's modern history occurred on the morning of February 15, 2013 at approximately 9:20 a.m. A meteoroid about 17 meters in diameter and weighing about 10,000 tons entered the Earth's atmosphere at a speed of about 18 km/s. Judging by the duration of atmospheric flight, the entry occurred at a very acute angle. About 32 seconds after entering the atmosphere the meteoroid collapsed.
The explosion took place in the vicinity of Chelyabinsk at an altitude of 15-25 km.
NASA estimates that the Chelyabinsk meteorite is the largest known celestial body to fall to Earth since the Tunguska meteorite.
Many of the fragments were found in the Chelyabinsk region. The largest of them, weighing 654 kg, were raised on October 16, 2013 from the bottom of the Chebarkul lakesMeteorite belongs to the class of ordinary chondrites
Before the explosion, the meteorite weighed about 10 thousand tons and had a diameter of 17 meters, and after it exploded into hundreds of fragments, the largest of which weighs half a ton.
The meteorite fall was accompanied by a powerful shock wave. The total amount of energy released, according to various estimates, was from 400 kilotons to 1.5 megatons in TNT equivalent. The shock wave injured 1613 people, most of them from broken glass. 40 to 112 people were hospitalized, according to various sources, two victims were placed in intensive care.
In terms of number of victims the fall of this meteoroid has no analogues in the world documented history, although in the Chinese sources and there are mentions of fatal cases associated with meteorites falling. The shock wave also damaged buildings. Material damage is tentatively estimated at between 400 million and one billion rubles.
The space guest, who brought international fame to the region, is planned to be immortalized in the form of a monument.
Tsarev Meteorite
In December 1922, residents of Astrakhan province were able to observe a stone falling from the sky: eyewitnesses said that the fireball was huge and made a deafening noise in flight. After an explosion was heard, and from the sky (again according to eyewitness accounts) it rained stones - the next day farmers living in the area found fragments of stones of strange shape and appearance in their fields.
Word of the incident quickly spread throughout Russia: expeditions arrived in the Astrakhan province, but for some reason they found no trace of the meteorite fall. They found them only 50 years later during the plowing of the fields of the farm "Leninsky" - a total of 82 chondrite meteorites were found, with debris scattered over 25 km2. The largest piece weighs 284 kg (now you can see it in the Moscow Museum of Fersman), the smallest - only 50 grams, but the composition of the samples clearly indicates their extraterrestrial origin.
The total weight of the debris is estimated at 1225 kg, and the fall of such a large celestial body did not cause significant damage.
Allende
Allende fell to Earth on February 8, 1969 in the Mexican state of Chihuahua - it is considered the largest carbonaceous meteorite on the planet, and at the time of his fall was about five tons.
Today, Allende is the most studied meteorite in the world: its fragments are stored in many museums around the world, and it is notable primarily because it is the oldest discovered body in the solar system, whose age can be precisely determined - it is about 4.567 billion years.
In addition, its composition was first found previously unknown mineral, called pangite: scientists assume that such a mineral is a part of many space objects, in particular asteroids.
Tunguska meteorite
On June 17, 1908, at seven o'clock local time, there was an air explosion near the Podkamennaya Tunguska River with a power of about 50 megatons - the power equivalent to a hydrogen bomb explosion. The explosion and subsequent blast wave were recorded by observatories around the world, huge trees in the area of 2000 km² from the alleged epicenter were uprooted, and not a single piece of glass remained in the homes of residents. For several days afterwards, the sky and clouds in the region were lit, including at night.
Local residents said that shortly before the explosion they had seen a huge ball of fire flying across the sky. Unfortunately, given the year of the incident, no pictures of the ball were taken.
None of the numerous research expeditions discovered any celestial body that could serve as the basis for the ball, and the first expedition arrived in the Tunguska area 19 years after the described event - in 1927.
The event is attributed to the fall to Earth of a large meteorite, later called the Tunguska meteorite, but scientists have not been able to find debris of the celestial body or at least the remaining material from its fall. However, in this place fixed a cluster of microscopic silicate and magnetite balls, which could not arise in this area for natural reasons, so they are attributed to a cosmic origin.
It is still unknown exactly what caused the explosion: there is no official hypothesis, but the meteoritic nature of the phenomenon still seems the most likely.
Meteorite Bilibino
In 1981, in the Chukotka Autonomous District bulldozers gold mine "Dalny" while washing the sands of placer gold came across an unusual piece of iron. It was a meteorite, weighing about a ton, which was later named after the nearby village of Bilibino. He rested in the permafrost at a depth of 13 meters in the geological museum of the North-Eastern Complex Research Institute determined that it collided with the Earth about 3-6 thousand years ago.
Peruvian meteorite
In Peru in the fall of 2017, eyewitnesses witnessed a meteorite fall near Lake Titicaca. They saw a ball of flame approaching the ground with a wild roar. The impact with the surface created a crater 6 meters deep and 30 meters in diameter, from which a hot water fountain burst out. It may have contained substances harmful to humans, in the wake of which 1,500 people living close to the meteorite landing site complained of severe headaches.
Kunya-Urgench meteorite
The meteorite was named after the Turkmen city near where it fell on June 20, 1998. Its largest fragment, weighing 820 kg, was found in a five-meter crater in the middle of a cotton field. It later received a certificate of the International Meteorite Society and is rightly considered the largest stone meteorite ever fallen in the CIS and the third largest in the world.
Pallasovo Iron Meteorite
In 1749, the blacksmith Yakov Medvedev and a mining engineer Johann Metich found near the present village of Medvedevo, Krasnoyarsk Territory ironstone block weighing 687 kg. In 1772, the find was shown to Academician Pallas, who came with an expedition in these areas. Thanks to him, the meteorite was sent to the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. First they sent one part of the meteorite and in 1777 the remaining half.
A meteorite named Apophis
The meteorite that threatens our planet was named Apophis (the name of the serpent god, who was the antipode of the sun god Ra in ancient Egypt). It is not known whether it will hit the Earth or miss and pass close to the planet. But what will happen if it does collide?
Apophis-Earth collision scenario
So, it is known that Apophis is only 320 meters in diameter. If it falls to Earth, there will be an explosion equal in power to the 15,000 bombs dropped on Hiroshima.
If Apophis hits the mainland, there will be an impact crater with a depth of 400-500 meters and a diameter of up to 5 km. The resulting shock wave will destroy capital buildings at a distance of 50 km from the epicenter. Buildings that do not have the strength of a brick house will be destroyed at a distance of 100-150 km. The dust column will rise to a height of several kilometers and then cover the entire planet.
The stories spread by the media about nuclear winter and the end of the world are too exaggerated. The size of the meteorite is too small for such consequences. The temperature may drop by 1-2 degrees, but after six months it will return to normal. That is, the foretold disaster, if it still happens, will be far from global.
If Apophis falls into the ocean, which is more likely, there will be a tsunami that will cover coastal areas. The height of the wave will depend on the distance between the shore and the place where the meteorite fell. The initial wave may be as high as 500 meters, but if the fall of Apophis occurs in the middle of the ocean, the wave reaching the shore will not exceed 10-20 meters. Although this is also quite serious. The storm will continue for several hours. All these events should only be considered possible with some probability. So whether or not Apophis will hit
Probability of Apophis falling to Earth
Apophis will theoretically threaten our planet twice. The first time - in 2029, and then - in 2036. After conducting observations with the help of radar installations, a group of scientists completely ruled out the possibility of a meteorite collision with the Earth. As for 2036, the current chance of a meteorite collision with the Earth is 1:250 000. And every year with the increasing accuracy of calculations probability of collision decreases.
But even with this probability, various options are being considered to force Apophis off course. Thus, Apophis is an object of interest rather than a threat.
In conclusion, it should be noted that meteorites when entering the earth's atmosphere are strongly destroyed. When approaching the Earth, the speed of falling guests from space is 10-70 km / sec, and in contact with the gas atmosphere, which has a fairly high density, meteorite temperature increases to critical, and it just burns up or is very strongly destroyed. Thus, the atmosphere of our planet is the best protector from uninvited guests.
The largest asteroid in the solar system
Such an asteroid can do a lot of things.
Previously, the largest asteroid in the solar system was Ceres, with a diameter of about 950 kilometers. Pallada with a diameter of 512 kilometers was considered the second largest, while Vesta was the third largest of the known asteroids of the solar system, second in size to Pallada, but ahead of it in mass.
After scientists reclassified Ceres as a dwarf planet, Pallada was at the top of the largest (in size) asteroids in the solar system. However, astronomers verified the size of Vesta and it turned out to be larger than Pallada. Vesta is 530 kilometers in diameter. Thus, Vesta became not only the largest, but also the most massive asteroid in our solar system.
The largest craters on Earth
Scientists have reliably established the presence of 136 circular craters on our planet, whose diameter ranges from tens of meters to 340 km. Every year, as a result of studies their number is increasing and put on the map. Most of them are located in North America, which is explained by the presence of large areas of ancient rocks and rocks.
Warburton Basin, Australia
In late 2015, Australian geophysicists announced the discovery of the world's largest crater, nearly 30 km deep, after conducting geological exploration and discovering fused rock.
Under the layer of rock found substances that were ejected from the Earth's mantle due to a powerful impact of the celestial body on the surface. The age of the fall of the asteroid, which split apart upon re-entry into two parts measuring 10 kilometers each, is estimated at 300 million years.
Vredefort Crater, South Africa
Two billion years have passed since Vredefort Crater appeared.
Vredefort is located in the Free State region (South Africa) and is one of the oldest craters. 2 billion years have passed since its appearance. At that time, there were no living multicellular organisms on Earth, so the fall of the giant celestial body did not cause significant harm to the planet. Vredefort is also considered the largest of the impactors - its diameter is almost 300 km.
Sudbury Crater, Canada
The Sudbury crater is 250 km in diameter and is the second largest impact crater. The second largest crater, 250 km in diameter, is located in the province of Ontario, Canada, whose entire territory is dotted with evidence of cosmic activity by celestial bodies.
The present-day mining district of Sudbury was formed when a 7.5 km asteroid fell during the Paleoproterozoic and dates back 1.8 billion years. The asteroid impact was so powerful that pieces of rock were scattered over a radius of 800 km. After the explosion the bowl was filled with magma. Gradually it became a valley that went down 15 km into the earth. Today, a variety of minerals - gold, copper, etc - is mined here.
Chicxulub Crater, Mexico
The Chicxulub crater is named after the village where it was found during oil prospecting.
The Mexican meteorite that fell 65 million years ago created the Chicxulub crater on the Yucatan Peninsula, named after the village of the same name. Chicxulub was discovered during oil prospecting when researchers saw symmetrical rings running across part of the land and ocean floor on a photograph.
Chicxulub is about 180 kilometers in diameter, part of which is taken up by the sea depths, reaching up to 20 kilometers in some places. The collision with the celestial body caused an explosion that caused many disasters on the continent. Powerful volcanic eruptions, forest fires and tsunamis led to the death of half of all life on the continent and climate changes.
Akraman Crater, Australia
Akraman is the sixth largest crater in the world, with a diameter of 45 km.
600 million years ago, the site was a warm, shallow sea with only mollusks and arthropods. A meteorite falling 4 km in diameter at 25 km/h caused an explosion that scattered their remains for miles around along with the soil. Gradually the outline of the crater has flattened, but on satellite images it can be seen.
Now Akraman is considered to be the 6th largest crater in the world (45 km in diameter). It is periodically filled with salty water and dries up during the hot season.
Manicouagan Crater, Canada
The crater Manicouagan appeared 215 million years ago, after a meteorite collision, the size of which is 5 km.
Lake Manicouagan has an original ring shape with a diameter of 70 km and an island in the middle, which is why it is called the "eyes of Quebec". It was formed in a crater about 100 km in size, which appeared after the collision 215 million years ago with a large meteorite measuring 5 km. The sides of the giant crater have smoothed over millions of years, due to erosion processes.
Lake Bosumtwi inside an impact crater, Ghana
The circular bowl is more than 10 km in size and is located on the South African Plain, 30 km from the town of Kumasi. 1.3 million years after the meteorite fall, when a depression was formed here and filled with water. The lake shores are overgrown with dense forests.
Bosumtwi is in the territory of the Ashanti tribe and is a shrine to the inhabitants. Africans believe that in this place the souls of the dead fly away to meet with the god Tui, so they forbid researchers to conduct scientific work.
Steinheim Crater, Baden Württemberg, Germany
The area of the landscape formation created by the impact of the celestial body 15 million years ago is a circle with a diameter of 3.8 km. The bottom of the crater is below the surrounding landscape, on which the Albuch plateau is located and in the center there is a 50-meter-high hill. The site is near the village of Steinheim am Albuch in Germany.
According to scientists, there was an explosion when the asteroid collided with the Earth, which caused the formation of a deserted area, deepened by 200 m with rock swollen in the middle. The existing lake gradually dried up and formed a valley in which people settled. Now the cities of Steinheim and Zontheim are located there, and in the center - a monastery.
Steinheim is a town formed on the site of a dried-up lake.
According to the researchers, the Nerdlingen Ries basin, located 40 km away, was formed at the same time. Most likely the fall of a large asteroid and its companion, which consisted of iron-rock, occurred.
Crater Rochechoire, Haute-Vienne France
The Rochechouart-Chasseno area is very popular with French residents and tourists. Previously, scientists assumed that Rochechouart is the consequence of an ancient volcanic eruption. However, in 1969, French geologist F. Kraut was able to find traces of the impact of a celestial body that fell here 214 million years ago.
Over the past centuries, many rocks and formations have been used in the construction of houses, so a clear circle of the crater is not visible. The estimated weight of the meteorite is at least 6 billion tons.
Popigai
This Siberian crater shares fourth place with the crater Manikuagan. Its age is about 35 million years, and its diameter is 100 kilometers. The crater area is virtually uninhabited, the only inhabited point - the village Popigay.
As a result of geological exploration, diamond deposits were discovered in the area of the crater.
Scientists believe that another mass extinction of early mammals in Europe, known as the Eocene-Oligocene extinction, occurred because of the asteroid that formed this huge crater.
Chesapeake Bay
A crater called Chesapeake Bay formed 35 million years ago when a huge asteroid hit the east coast of North America. It is the best-preserved marine impact crater and is now the largest impact crater in the U.S. The appearance of the crater influenced the shape of the Chesapeake Bay.
Puchezh-Katunsky
One of the largest craters on the planet, the Puchezh-Katunsky crater is located in present-day Russia. It was formed by a meteorite that fell 167 million years ago in the mid-Jurassic period. The crater, hardly visible today, can be seen from space by various vegetation. The meteorite impact with the Earth in this location did not lead to species extinction.
Morokweng
This crater was formed by a meteorite falling 5 km in diameter about 145 million years ago. It is located in South Africa near the town of Morokweng, near the Botswana border.
The impact created a crater about 70 km in diameter. It was discovered in 1994 due to magnetic field anomalies. The crater ring has been erased over millions of years and is now under the sand. In 2006, during drilling a meteorite fragment was found that had a diameter of about 25 cm at a depth of 770 meters.
Karsky
This is another large crater located in Russia, in the Nenets Autonomous District. Apparently, after a meteorite fell 70 million years ago, a crater with a diameter of 120 kilometers was formed at this site, but today it is hardly visible, because it has been seriously eroded
Inverted Dome Crater, Utah, USA
Its name fully reflects the appearance of an unusual landscape formation 10 km in diameter, located in Canyonlands National Park. "Dome" is located near the town of Moab and was recognized as an impact crater in 2008 after the discovery of molten quartz rocks. Traces of the impact of a space body with the rocks, similar to the effects of a nuclear explosion, were found. The time of formation - 170 million years ago.
The "Inverted Dome" crater, located near the town of Moab.
Suavyarvi, Russia, Republic of Karelia
This lake is located near Medvezhjegorsk in Karelia and is in the center of a large depression. 2.4 billion years old allows us to call it the oldest lake on the planet. Suavjarvi was discovered in the 1980s after Soviet geologists discovered the deposit of superhard diamonds (they are called impact diamonds and can cut other stones).
According to photographic data, the diameter of the meteorite crater is 16 km. Anomalous magnetic fields and negative gravity were also detected in the area.
Crater Lake Lonar, Maharashtra, India
Not far from the city of Aurangabad is a salt lake Lonar, with which the Indians associate many myths. According to legend, in it hid the villain Lonasura, who ravaged the surrounding villages. God Vishnu was able to save the residents, by seducing the sister of the demon and knowing the place of his refuge, he killed the villain.
In reality, the lake was formed by a meteorite falling on the basalt rocks more than 50,000 years ago. After the explosion, the bowl is 150 m deep and 1.8 km in diameter quickly filled with water from an underground source with a foul odor.
Lake Lonar in India, with which many myths are associated.
Kaali Crater, Saaremaa Island, Estonia
The Kaali crater is 4,000 years old and is considered the youngest impact crater in the world. The meteorite fall is recorded in the legends of the Baltic and Finnish peoples, after which Kaali became a place of pagan rites. In 1937, the remains of charred wood and formations containing nickel were found in the bowl.
The 400-ton meteorite broke apart in the atmosphere, forming a group of 9 craters on the surface. The largest of them is Kaali, the others are smaller. These geological sites are near the town of Kuressaare on the island of Saaremaa in Estonia.
Barringer Crater, Arizona, USA
The place of landing 50 thousand years ago, a space body about 46 m in size and weighing 300 thousand tons is located in the Grand Canyon of Arizona. According to scientists, the meteorite hit the Earth at a speed of 18 km / s, which caused an explosion and the formation of a deep bowl (75 m). The crater was named after mining engineer D. Barringer, who in 1902 acquired the land and began drilling there specifically to prove the fall of a space body.
Barringer crater in Arizona, formed about 50 thousand years ago. Credit: idoorway.mirtesen.ru.scientists have not found the remains of the meteorite itself, and came to the conclusion that it fell into chemical elements (iron and nickel). A large pit in Barringer, which has a funnel with a shaft surrounding a diameter of 1.2 km, is very impressive and is a success with tourists.
Самые большие заповедники в мире, крупнейшие на Земле в 2024: фото и описание
There are more than 500 protected areas organized on the planet, which make up 10% of the Earth's surface. States create these specially protected places in order to support the diverse nature of the planet. This article presents a list of the ten largest nature reserves in the world - marine and land.
Papahanaumokuakea
The largest nature reserve in the world by area, Papahanaumokuakea is located in the waters of the northwestern Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean and is the National Marine Sanctuary of the Hawaiian Archipelago. It consists of groups of islands, atolls and reefs.
The main of the islands are presented below:
Kure Atoll.
Atoll Halfway.
Pearl & Hermes Atoll.
Lisyansky Island.
Laisan Island.
Maro Reef.
Gardner's Peristy Mountains.
Frigate Shoals.
Mokumanaman.
Nihoa.
The reserve is part of UNESCO and belongs to the U.S. territory. Its area is 1.5 million square kilometers.
The highest and lowest points in the park: the depth is 5,600 meters and the height is 275 meters above sea level.
The relief represents:
the depths of the abyss;
underwater mountains and shores;
2 eroded islands;
uplands and atolls;
coral reefs that make up 69% of the entire park;
shallow lagoons;
shoals and dunes;
arid grasslands and shrubs;
hyper-saline lake.
Papahanaumokuakea is the largest reserve archipelago in the world
The climate of the reserve is tropical. There are two seasons: summer and winter. The warmest month is September with an average daytime temperature of +30 Celsius and night-time temperature of +25 Celsius. In summer the temperature ranges from +28 to +29 Celsius. In winter the temperature is about +25 Celsius by day and +22 Celsius at night. There are over 7000 different animal species living in Papahanaumokuakea.
The 1,350-kilometer stretch of coral islands, seamounts, shores and shoals supports an incredible diversity of corals, fish, birds, marine mammals and other flora and fauna, many of which are unique to the Hawaiian island chain.
Many of the islands and shallow waters are important habitat for rare species. The land areas are home to 4 bird species that are found nowhere else in the world. Historical and eco-tours are not offered at this time.
Greenland National Park
The largest reserve in the world in the northern part of the planet is Greenland National Park. Its location is in Denmark, in the northeastern part of the island of Greenland with inland lands. It belongs to the biosphere reserves and is not included in the municipality. Its area is 972 thousand square kilometers, which exceeds the size of more than 160 states combined.
The topography of the protected area is represented:
plateaus;
mountain ranges;
glaciers;
The longest and deepest fjord in the world, Scoresby Sand, is located here.
The climate in the area of the park is arctic. The average annual temperature is -9.8 to -16.7 degrees Celsius. In summer the temperature ranges from +3 to +6 and in winter from -30 to -50 degrees Celsius.
Much of the park is covered with ice and lacks fertility, but the remainder is covered with Arctic plants, including heather and mosses. The presence of vegetation depends on the period, which is short. When winter, lasting 8 months, comes to an end, nature blooms. The flora of the reserve consists of 300 endemic species. Among the fauna noted are:
Mammals
Birds
Sheepsheads, or musk oxen.
Polar Bears.
Walruses.
Whales.
Arctic whites.
Arctic foxes.
Weasels.
The hoofed lemming.
Poonies.
Common redpolls and tundra redpolls.
Lapland plantains.
The stones are common.
Grouse of the tundra.
Ravens.
Different kinds of geese.Predatory:
Gyrfalcon.
Owl White.
Long-tailed Skua.
The Lesser King Eider: This bird provides vegetation for the land by carrying marine nutrients.
Almost all species of birds breed outside of Northeast Greenland. This is due to the harsh long winters. Only crows, tundra grouse and geese do not change their habitat. The reserve does not accept tourists, the entrance is only available to scientists. The entire population of the territory is employees.
Chagos
Chagos Reserve is an archipelago consisting of 7 groups of coral atolls, which belong to the territory of Great Britain. It includes 55 islands with an area of 60 sq. km, and the rest is an underwater world. Chagos is located in the Indian Ocean, 1770 km east of Mahe Island, and 500 km south of Maldives. The entire area of the marine reserve is 54.4 thousand sq. km.
Climate: tropical. Winds constantly blow. Average annual temperature: +26.2 degrees Celsius. The relief is lowlands. The highest point above sea level - 7 m. All islands and reefs of the reserve - the coral type.
The flora and fauna on land in the Chagos Reserve consists of a small number of species. The main representatives of the fauna are: 20 species of birds and many tropical fish. The flora is mainly represented by coconut palms. The underwater world of the reserve includes the greatest number of diverse marine animals and plants. One of the rarest species of turtles lives here.
The main attractions: the Bank of Greater Chagos with the inner lagoon and the Marine Reserve. The population is represented only by the military and scientists, so tourism is not developed here due to the closed territory. Only in a few areas of the archipelago is possible to engage in diving or surfing.
Kavango-Zambezi Reserve
The largest transboundary nature reserve in the world is the Kavango-Zambezi.
It is located in southern Africa and consists of several territories of 5 states:
Zimbabwe.
Zambia.
Botswana.
Angola.
Namibia.
It includes several areas of the continent, parks and some areas that are around the listed. It covers an area of more than 520,000 square kilometers. The heads of the 5 countries created a single reserve to preserve the integrity of the park. In 2014, a project to create one visa for visitors was launched, which is developing to this day.
The park is notable for its Victoria and Ngonje Falls, the Makgadikgadi Depression and the Okavango Delta, with attractions including Lake Kariba and the Zambezi River. The park has a diverse climate and terrain due to its size. A tropical and subequatorial climate prevails. Summer temperatures reach +35 degrees centigrade and winter temperatures are +15 to +25 degrees centigrade.
The flora consists of ecozones: savannah, grassland and forest biomes. There are more than 3,000 plant species, of which 100 are endemic.
Fauna includes:
197 species of totally non-endemic mammals. It is home to the largest number of African elephants and the last populations of wild dogs and white rhinos on the continent.
There are 128 species of reptiles and 50 species of amphibians.
There are 600 species of birds.
There are 300 species of butterflies.
Phoenix Islands
The Phoenix Islands are located in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, near the Gilbert Islands to the east and west of the Line Islands. The protected area is part of the Republic of Kiribati. The Phoenix Islands are an archipelago of eight atolls surrounded by a ring of reefs.
Their names:
McKean Island.
Birnie.
Kanton Island.
Sydney.
Phoenix Islands.
Nikumaroro.
Orona.
Enderbury Island.
The area of the protected area is 408 thousand square kilometers. Most of the atolls are part of UNESCO. Climate: tropical, hot and humid. Temperatures range from +25 to +27 degrees Celsius.
The fauna of the Phoenix Islands includes 800 species: only 18 species of mammals and 44 species of sea birds. The shores are inhabited by hermit crabs, turtles and lizards. 500 species of fish and 120 species of coral live in the coastal waters. Vegetation is represented by coconut palms, shrubs and 40 species of plants. Most common are Heliotrope, Scevola, Sesivium and other plants.
Almost all of the Phoenix Islands are uninhabited, so tourism is not developed here. Those wishing to visit the reserve by boat and sleep in tents.
Great Barrier Reef
The Great Barrier Reef Reserve is located in the Coral Sea near the northeast coast of Quisland, mainland Australia. The marine park covers 344,400 square kilometers.
The reserve is divided into six protected areas: from strictly controlled areas, where only scientists can enter, to recreational areas (amounting to only 7% of the park area), where tourism is allowed. The climate in the reserve is subequatorial, and the topography is islands and corals.
The main attraction of the park is the Great Barrier Reef (60-250 km wide and 2,300 km long). There are 3,000 coral reefs, 300 coral islands and 150 coastal islands. The marine park consists of an underwater part and a land part.
The flora in the terrestrial part contains 40 species of vegetation. There are groves of coconut palms, evergreen casuarinas and small patches of rainforest in the interior of the islands. The underwater part of the park consists of sea grass, a variety of brown, green and red algae, and the main species are single-celled algae zooxanthellae, which make the corals have bright colors.
The underwater world of the Great Barrier Reef has numerous colonies of clams, echinoderms, jellyfish, worms. A total of 1500 species of marine fish have been recorded here. Butterflies and 240 species of birds are found in the reserve.
Banff, Canada
Canada's oldest national park, established in 1885 and covering about 7,000 square kilometres, is located right in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. In fact, once in the park, you'll see an endless array of glaciers and entire icefields, many impenetrable pine forests (with a fascinating aroma, of course), numerous Alpine landscapes and the green waters of Lake Louise. Banff is ideal for hiking, bird and animal watching, and rock climbing. Few reserves in the world can boast such unspoiled nature.
Tropical Forests of Atsinanana, Madagascar
Atsinanana plants are the primordial virgin forests of the island of Madagascar. They are without a doubt a UNESCO heritage site, located in six national parks in eastern Madagascar. Incidentally, plants and animals evolved in these places in isolation and appeared more than 60 million years ago. The lemurs and primates found here are endangered, but they are not an exception. Since almost all the inhabitants of these forests are rare animal species, they also need to be protected.
Great Barrier Reef, Australia
Off the coast of Queensland is the largest "living thing" on the planet. In addition, this magnificent ecosystem spans 2,300 km and consists of nearly 3,000 reefs and a thousand islands in the Coral Sea. The area covers over 340,000 sq km. This reserve is home to incredible fish species. In fact, without a bit of exaggeration it is a place that you will not find in nature. Coral reefs are a miracle, you can just look at the images from space and you will understand everything. And if you see everything live, your life is unlikely to remain
Fuji Hakone-Izu National Park, Japan
The territory of the reserve includes the area of the incomparable Mount Fuji (and its five lakes), the Hakone area and the Izu Peninsula. There are many lakes, mountains, hot springs, tropical vegetation. For example, you will see the incredibly beautiful sakura, glowing with soft pink petals in the bright rays of the Tokyo sun. In fact, the whole park shines mostly in purple, green and blue colors. Be sure to visit Shiraito Waterfall, the Jogasaki coast. Incidentally, the Izu Islands, like some other reserves, are an ideal place in the world for diving and have
Galapagos Marine Reserve
The largest nature reserve in the world at sea - Galapagos. It is located on the territory of Ecuador, the Pacific Ocean. It is an archipelago, which includes 19 islands. Its area is 133 thousand sq. km. The area is included in UNESCO.
The relief of the archipelago is formed by volcanic activity and is represented by rocky shores on top and coral reefs underwater. There are volcanoes still active in the protected area: on Fernandina Island, Sierra Negra, and Wolf, located on Isabella Island. The archipelago height above sea level does not exceed 1707 m.
The climate is subequatorial, hot and dry, with an average temperature of +24 degrees Celsius. There are two seasons: rainy (December-April) and dry (July-October).
The fauna of the archipelago numbers:
60 bird species, 50% of which are endemics;
42 species of reptiles;
15 species of mammals;
79 fish species.
The largest tortoise on the planet, the elephant tortoise, lives here. The reserve is also notable for the Galapagos penguins, which are the only ones that can live comfortably on the equator. The flora of the reserve includes 500 species of vegetation, all of which are endemic. You can visit the national park, but you need to follow certain rules.
Ayr and Tenere
Africa's largest conservation area is the Ayr and Tenere Reserve, located in the northern part of Niger, northeast of the city of Agadez. It is a reserve of national character in Niger, located in the middle of the Sahara. The park is included in UNESCO and occupies an area of 77,000 square kilometers.
The reserve is a great variety of barchans and deserts, valleys and cliffs, canyons and mountains. Relief: 2/5 of the territory is represented by mountain ranges of Ayr to 2 thousand meters above sea level, and the rest is a dune sea in the desert Tenere.
Climate: continental, hot and arid. There are 3 seasons: relatively cold season (September-February), hot season (March-June) and wet season (June-September). The average annual temperature varies from +15 to +35 g. Celsius.
At the center of the desert conditions is a small area of life. The flora of the reserve has 350 species of vegetation, and the fauna includes: 160 species of birds, 40 species of mammals, 18 species of reptiles and 1 species of amphibians. Due to the fact that there is almost no population in this area, there is still animal life.
The discovered remains of rock inscriptions and ruins of ancient settlements are the cultural value of the park. At present, the population within the reserve is about 5 thousand people, of whom about 1 thousand are cultivators and cattlemen.
Almost all visitors travel in convoys of cars organized by travel agencies based in Agadez and Arlit. The reserve has 2 small rest homes and a museum.
Rangel St. Elias
Rangel St. Elias Reserve is located in southeast Alaska, U.S. It is a national park and is part of UNESCO. The area covers 53.3 thousand sq. km. The main attractions are the glaciers and mountains with the active Wrangel volcano.
The topography of the park is formed:
The highest point is Mount St. Elijah, at 5,489 meters above sea level;
glaciers, rivers, and forests, which makes up 1/4 of the territory;
The park is home to Alaska's largest glacier, Hubbard Glacier, which is 122 km long and still growing. The climate is harsh with high relative humidity and permafrost with strong winds. In winter the average temperature is -20 Celsius, and in summer it is +15 to +20 Celsius.
The flora and fauna of the national park are characteristic of the mountain tundra. There are 1,535 species of Alaskan flora and 69% of Yukon flora in the reserve. This great diversity is explained by the presence of several climatic zones and a considerable area.
More than 1,000 species of vertebrates and 900,000 caribou are found in the state. There are 32 species of predators. The national park has developed tourism. The reserve is open year-round, with operating hours and seasons varying. Visitation is free.
Great Limpopo
The Great Limpopo Nature Reserve is located in southeastern South Africa and belongs to the territories of South Africa, Zimbabwe and Mozambique.
It is transboundary, that is, it combines several large parks:
"Limpopo, Banhine, Zinave, Maputo in Mozambique.
"Gonarezhou in Zimbabwe.
Kruger in South Africa.
The area of the park is 37,572 square kilometers, but at the moment it is expanding, which is projected to be up to 100 thousand square kilometers. Climate: humid, tropical.
Relief:
the lowlands of Mozambique;
plain up to 450 m above sea level;
granite plateaus and plateaus in the western part of the park;
Mount Lebombo.
Attractions: the red cliffs of Chilijo in Zimbabwe and the discovered traces of ancient settlements in South Africa. The flora of the park has more than 2 thousand species of vegetation.
The reserve is home to 147 mammal species, 18 of which are already in the Red Book.
In the Park:
1,500 leopards;
100,000 Impalas;
2,000 hyenas;
1,500 lions;
1,000 elephants;
1,500 water goats;
3,500 big kudos;
14,000 blue gnu.
There are 505 species of birds and 116 species of reptiles. Features of tourism: Since the reserve is located on the border of 3 African countries, then exceptions were made for visitors - one visa is made for 3 countries in South Africa. Visiting is paid.
The largest protected areas in the world provide for the expansion of their boundaries, so the information provided about the area is approximate. Tourists are not allowed access to all protected areas. This is necessary in order not to harm endangered species of flora and fauna of the planet.
Video about the world's protected areas
The largest national parks and reserves:
Russia's largest nature reserves
In our country there are GZs with an area of more than 10,000 square kilometers. In fact, on many of them could fit at least five large metropolises! Almost all of the largest reserves in Russia are geographically fragments of Siberia. They consist of areas that are difficult to pass. It is very cold here.
Great Arctic Reserve
It has a size of 41,692.22 square kilometers. It was established in 1993. It includes mainland cordons (the bed of the Lower Taimyr, Middendorff Bay, Chelyuskin Peninsula). There are isolated sites: Dikson-Sibiryakovsky, Karsky, Pyasinsky (islands), the Nordscheld Archipelago. The local landscape is stone moraines covered with ice and snow from above. This is the coldest protected zone in the country. Local vegetation includes moss, small flowers and fungi. The relict fauna is lemmings, wolverines, foxes, stoats and other furs. Major mammals are white and bogeyman.
Komandorsky Reserve
It is equal to 36,486.79 square kilometers and occupies the islands of the same name (the largest of them - Beringa, Ary Kamen, Toporkov and Medny). Created in 1993, its main attraction - extended nesting places of rare marine fauna, including the Commander fox and the Canadian goose. Of plants the Red Book includes sea scaup and several varieties of clogs. Of water bowls - Sarannoye Lake (Beringa Island). On the same spot is the only Commander settlement - Nikolskoye village, near the village is a polar airfield.
Wrangel Island
The area of the eastern piece of the Chukotka Autonomous District (separated from the mainland) is 22,256.5 hectares. It was proclaimed a protected area in 1976. Its main feature is the low mountains of arctic tundra (occupying 2/3 of its territory). Two varieties of rare flowers are found in this rugged terrain, as well as the habitat of the snow goose and eider, which give birth anywhere else in the world. This land is also called the most prolific nature reserve in Russia - there is a high population of polar bears. In fact, this is the main "maternity house" of the voracious
Putoransky Reserve
"Putorana Land covers 18,872.51 square kilometers. It appeared in the register of federal protected areas back in 1988 - on the Putorana plateau (west of the Central Siberian plateau, near Lake Khantai). The landscape is mountain-lake-taiga, relict vegetation - "classic" taiga and arctic forest tundra trees. Putorana is the habitat of the largest population of wild reindeer. The snow ram (also included in the Red Book of Russia) is also found here.
Taimyr Nature Reserve
The extreme north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, namely the Taimyr Peninsula, possesses 17,819.28 square kilometers of protected land. It received its status already in 1979. It consists of 4 clusters. The water bodies are the Taimyr River and Lake Taimyr. The reproduced flora is 222 species of moss and 265 lichen types, the local fauna is muskoxen.
Ust-Lena Nature Reserve
The GZ at the mouth of the Lena River boasts an area of 14,330 square kilometers. This biosphere "sanctuary" received its borders in 1985. We are talking about most of the Bulunsky region of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia), which contains the entire Lena delta. The climate here is polar sea, the landscape is exclusively water and tundra. Only three plants, goose and gull sandpiper, also little swan and pink gull are found from the Red Book inhabitants. The nearest settlement to the cordon is the Tiksi settlement.
Kronotsky Reserve
The largest nature reserves in Russia are also located in the Far East. For example, the Kronotsky Nature Reserve ("year of birth" - 1934) occupies the tip of Kamchatka Krai. Its area is 11,476, 19 square kilometers. And there are three sections on the peninsula - Kronotsky, Koryaksky and South Kamchatka. Large water areas are Lake Kurilskoe, Kumble and Kronotsky, as well as the Levyi Schepina, Stanichnaya, Kronotsky, Tyushevka, Anna and Kambalny rivers. Among protected plants are Elman birch and shrub (pine and alder). There are acclimated populations of brown bear and wild northern eel.
Russia's most famous nature reserves
The status of "Russia's largest nature reserves" does not yet mean that they are the most famous. Other protected areas fall into this category - those that are stunning in their beauty or uniqueness, as well as transport accessibility or convenience.
Barguzin Nature Reserve
In the first place is the north-eastern shore of Lake Baikal, protected since 1916, which is the "pearl of Buryatia" with the size of 374,322 hectares. I need not remind you that the visitor will find here the cleanest and deepest fresh water in the world, as well as dozens of species of coniferous and deciduous forests. One should only pay attention to our most favorite local tracts - the neighborhood of Davsha and Ust-Barguzin villages. From here "campers" raft down picturesque rivers.
Ussuri Nature Reserve
It occupies the second position in the list "The most famous reserves of Russia" Only a deaf person hasn't heard about the tiger of the same name these days. President Putin personally controls the protection of this cat species. Perhaps the Ussuri tiger will even appear on one of the Russian banknotes! The place of the toothy beauty is the protected since 1934 territory of the Ussuriisk urban district and Shkotovsky district of Primorye. And this reserve has unforgettable beautiful nature - the southern spurs of Przhevalsky mountains covered with various wood, the Komarovka river,
Altai Reserve
In the ranking of the most beautiful mountains of Russia after the Caucasus immediately goes the Ala-Tau mountain system ("colorful mountains" - their slopes are really "covered" with all the colors of the rainbow). Officially in Russia these ranges are called Altai. But the most relict place is only on the right bank and in the upper reaches of the Chulyshman River. Talk about more frequent. There are 1190 lakes in forest hollows, the most "tourist" among which is Teletskoye. Altai recreation received special status in 1932 - because of rare birds of prey. Read a review in Altai Reserve in a separate article
Russia's oldest nature reserve
One of the repositories of endemic flora and fauna has the title "Russia's oldest reserve". It is the Barguzin Reserve (included in the register of the most visited). The fact is that the Russian Provisional Government decided to protect its nature from encroachment by poachers and miners on December 29, 1916. Despite the difficult internal political situation and troubles on the eve of the New Year, the then leadership found time and effort to pass a relevant law. It is worth saying that restrictive measures to exterminate certain animals were also in
According to the new style, the oldest reserve in Russia celebrates its birthday on January 11.
Russia's youngest nature reserve
Everything is clear with chronologically the first protected recreation area in Russia, but which GZ, on the contrary, is the youngest protected area in Russia? Its name is the Kologriv Forest, and its location is the north-east of the Kostroma region. The decision on its status was taken by the government relatively recently - in 2006. Nearly 58 940 hectares of thickets of taiga (dark-coniferous) forest lie near the Kologriv settlement - along the Vetluga and Unzha rivers. The purpose of this area is to preserve the specified plant massif.
Russia's most popular nature reserve
The most popular nature reserve in Russia is determined by only one parameter - statistics of attendance in recent years (regardless of its beauty or amenities). The Kivach Nature Reserve turned out to be the most popular. The waterfall and the surrounding massive coniferous forest in the Republic of Karelia (almost 11,000 hectares near the village of the same name on the Suna River) attract thousands of people. By the way, the Suna River bed is full of other picturesque tracts. The number of tours to this location is "off the charts". And it should be noted that the entire Karelian region has become a "tourist
Russia's Wettest Reserve
There is such a thing as "the wettest nature reserve in Russia" - the Caucasus Nature Reserve, or rather, its boundary with the Sochi National Park to the south. It is here that the place with the highest humidity and record rainfall in our country is located. Even without considering evaporation and runoff, the gorges surrounding the Achishkho mountain range (which is exactly the boundary line of the state reserve and national park) receive almost 3,300 millimeters per year! There is a threat of floods and even avalanches. In the heat it's very hot to breath here
Russia's Most Fertile Reserve
Belogorye is the most fertile nature reserve in Russia. Why so? The local plains (2,131 hectares of the historical regions Yamskaya Steppe, Otrasievy Yary, Lysyie Gory and Stenki Izgorye) have an arable layer over 60 centimeters thick. The depth of the fertile strata depends directly on the depth of the cultural (archeological) layer. And it is extremely high here - dozens of nationalities lived in this area - numerous Neolithic agricultural tribes, the Srubna culture, Scythians, Alans, Northern Slavs, the Turkic states, the MongoloTatars, Russian
Russia's highest reserve
The Kabardino-Balkarian reserve is the highest nature reserve in Russia. No wonder its full name already contains the word "mountainous". Its highest "floors" are Dykhtau (5204) and Koshtanau (5152). "So Elbrus is higher anyway!" you might say. Yes. But Elbrus is part of the Elbrus Nature Park, which is not a protected land (which is clearly visible thanks to hundreds of hotels, shopping centers and sports complexes). The Kabardino-Balkarian reserve extends over 82,642 hectares. Its tracts are inhabited by such rare animals as jackal, Caucasian ul
Russia's northernmost nature reserve
The reader will be interested to know that the Great Arctic is the northernmost nature reserve of Russia. It lies on the borders of the Arctic Circle. Although Russia has "more arctic" peninsulas and islands, they have no recreational value.
Russia's southernmost nature reserve
In 1987 it was decided to turn several heterogeneous biosphere complexes on the border of Tarumovsky and Buynaksky districts of the republic into a protected area (the total size of this "motley" reserve is 19,061 hectares). This is a wintering site for rare migratory birds, including flamingos (they love the local tiny lakes). The Sarykum tract (the largest sand dune in Eurasia near Makhachkala) was also added here. Besides deserts there are colorful semi-deserts and bald hills (the Kizlyar Gulf).
Russia's westernmost nature reserve
The Kaliningrad Region of Russia is the deepest in Europe. However, it has only nature parks, not nature reserves. But in second place, as you know, is the Pskov Region. And on its land there is a GZ. So, Polistovsky is the westernmost nature reserve in Russia. Administratively, it is part of the Bezhanitsky and Loknyansk districts of the region. It refers to the area between the Polist, Hlavitsa and Tsevla rivers and also Lake Polisto, which appears in the old Russian birch-bark charters. The landscape is lush, marshy. Of trees there is hazel, oak, maple, lime, rare
Russia's easternmost nature reserve
The easternmost nature reserve in Russia is Wrangel Island. Then lies the dead part of Chukotka. On the same meridian (only to the south) are the U.S. islands!
Russia's smallest nature reserve
After Crimea joined Russia, this place replaced Galichya Gora on the "position" of the smallest nature reserve of the country. We are talking about the very edge of the Crimean land, where a part of Nikita village is located, namely Nikitsky Botanical Garden and the coast that separates it from the sea. Its area is only 240 ha, the longest trail (considering the rough terrain) is 800 meters. The reserve was created back in 1973 by the Ukrainian SSR authorities. Its purpose was to preserve the landscape with ruins of Ruskafil-Kale.
Russia's most unusual nature reserve
Which of our reserves received the title "The most unusual reserve in Russia"? Most tourists, local historians and scientists agree that it is the Ubsunurov Hollow. This is the Russian part of the Russian-Mongolian transboundary object - the lowlands between the Altai Mountains and Lake Ubsu-Nur (the lake itself belongs to the MNR). The protected area of the tract is 898,064 hectares. But this area in the Tyva Republic contains all the landscapes of the temperate zone of the Earth: steppe, forest-steppe, forested foothills, rocky mountains (sheltered by bushes), flood meadows and semipalmated
U.S. Reserves and National Parks
The natural beauty of the United States is in no way inferior to that of Canada or Russia. There are mixed forests and vast canyons, as well as rivers and lakes with bustling waterfalls. The vast reserves and parks of the United States attract hundreds of thousands of tourists to their land every year. There are so many protected areas in the States that it is difficult to decide immediately where to spend your vacation or weekend. Let's look at the most famous and popular national parks in America.
Bryce Canyon, Utah
The Canyon in Utah is less famous than its neighbors, the Grand Canyon and Zion, because of its remoteness, but its beauty is just as majestic as that of neighboring national parks.
Bryce is up to 2,700 meters high. Its ochre and yellow cliffs are shaped like a Roman amphitheater. Tourists love to see the sunrise in this canyon, and those who have the patience to wait until sunset are also rewarded with amazing views and the game of light.
Monument Valley Between Utah and Arizona
The park, run by the Navajo tribe, is famous for its own Valley of Monuments, a wonderful place created by nature, but because of the bizarre rocks and hills it seems to be a man-made creation.
A road from Flagstaff leads to the Monuments. The tourist center in the Valley is located at the entrance. It starts at 6 a.m., and during the warm season it is open until 8:30 p.m. There you can buy a map of the Valley, pick up and register a route, and buy various small items.
There is a fee to enter the national park, with an adult ticket price of about $20.
Monument Valley has been the setting for many Hollywood westerns and sci-fi movies.
Monument Valley borders Stone Arches National Park, where you can see the symmetrical Rainbow Arch of natural origin.
Death Valley Between California and Nevada
Death Valley is another wilderness area in the U.S. The national park of the same name has hiking and biking trails that can be used by hikers.
You can get to the tourist part of Death Valley from Las Vegas by a special bus from the tour company. Other transport does not go there, so for a private trip you will have to rent a car.
Yellowstone, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho
The huge reserve occupies territories in three American states at once. The highlight of the park is its geysers. Hot jets of water gushing out of the ground make an indelible impression on viewers.
Yellowstone's waterfalls and the large number of animals in the reserve have made this natural site a UNESCO heritage site. There is a long road through the park that takes you to all the main attractions of the reserve. It is 230 kilometers long.
The city of Salt Lake City is close to the park, and buses run from there to the park entrance. There are 9 hotels, stores, gas stations, and campgrounds in the park.
Yosemite, Calif.
Yosemite National Park has been on the UNESCO heritage lists since 1984. The park is almost entirely made up of wild forests, mountains and caves, with only 5% of land filled with any infrastructure.
Yosemite is home to more than 400 species of animals, including bobcats, black bears, and deer.
The park is 300 kilometers from the city of San Francisco, from where tours are organized to Yosemite. The California Nature Reserve is considered one of the first parks that appeared on American soil.
Katmai
It is located in Alaska on an area of 1.6 million hectares. The national park and reserve was formed in 1980. The most curious object is the Valley of Ten Thousand Smoke. More than a hundred years ago it was filled with ash, and the Leta River formed canyons of cooled rock. Now there is no smoke, but the name remains. Bears over 2000 individuals. They are monitored through the cameras installed in the park.
Big Band
The national park and biosphere reserve is located on the border with Mexico, Texas. It has existed since 1944 and covers 324,000 hectares. Desert climate, cracked earth, cacti as the main vegetation are typical features of the park. Hiking, rock climbing, bird watching are popular. You can also cross the Rio Grande and find yourself in a Mexican village.
Cuyahoga Valley
It is the only national park located in Ohio between the cities of Cleveland and Akron. It was formed relatively recently - in 2000.
The Blue Falls attracts the most tourists, and the park also offers horseback riding, snowshoeing and cross-country skiing, as well as historic train and kayak tours.
Joshua Tree
This national park was founded in 1994 and covers more than 3,000 square kilometers in southeastern California.
The park is the intersection of two deserts: the Mojave and Sonora deserts. The plant life here corresponds to the desert terrain, the most popular object is the "Joshua tree," a succulent of the Yucca genus.
The main attraction - rock complexes that attract experienced and novice climbers. Popular among climbers (but not marked on all maps) Hall of Horrors.
Olympic
The park is located on the peninsula of the same name in Washington state.
For a long time the park was isolated from the mainland, and its natural and animal world was formed separately. That is why the Olympics are home to 15 species of animals and 8 plant species that are found only in this corner of the world.
The reserve is home to an impressive 2,400-meter high mountain range that gives the west and east of the peninsula a different climate. To the west are the Hoh and Quino rain forests, some of the best examples of temperate rainforest in the country, with 60 glaciers, 11 rivers with waterfalls, and 117.4 miles of wild Pacific beach.
Badlands
The park is located in southwestern South Dakota and was established in 1978.
Indians and pioneers called this place "bad land": it is not fertile and extremely uncomfortable to walk on. The landscape of the reserve is variegated hills honed by erosion. These rocks were under softer rocks for many years, which have since been destroyed by water and wind.
Because erosion has exposed very deep layers of earth, the remains of three-toed horses, saber-toothed tigers, and other extinct animals have been discovered there.
Haleakala
This national park is located on the island of Maui, Hawaii, and was established in 1961.
Most of the park is unspoiled wilderness. The park itself is divided into two parts: apex and coastal. The main attraction is the crater of the dormant volcano Haleakala. A huge crater, more than 3 kilometers wide, is strewn with volcanic objects.
In addition to the crater, you can visit Hosmer's Grove - this man brought plants to Hawaii from other places: many did not survive, some mastered, and others have grown so big that they have become a threat to native plants.
Zion
Utah has an abundance of national parks, but Zion (or Zion) is the first and most popular. It opened in 1909 and is located near the town of Springdale.
The main attraction is the canyon of the same name, the second most popular is Kolob Canyon. The most breathtaking is the view from Angels Landing observation point, but it is not easy to get there.
Another attraction of the park is the Weeping Rock, which has water droplets on its surface that resemble tears.
Shenadoah
The park is part of the Blue Ridge Range (Appalachian Mountains) in Virginia, established in 1935.
The park is known for its waterfalls, the height of the fall of the highest - 29 meters. It is called Overall Run, the way to it on the hiking trail is about 5 km.
On the hills and in the foothills there are cacti, mountain laurel, tulip tree and ferns. Oak, maple and chestnut are common. Of animals can be seen white-tailed deer, red lynx, baribala and bear.
Along the ridge of the ridge is a highway with parking lots equipped for observation. From them go hiking and biking trails.
Grand Canyon, Arizona
Until 1540, the Grand Canyon was inhabited by Indian tribes. Thanks to Roosevelt, the canyon became a popular hunting and fishing destination, and then it was declared a wilderness area.
The name speaks for itself. The Grand Canyon is larger than any other such place on earth. The natural depression is 500 km long and 1.6 km deep.
Even today there are archaeological excavations in the canyon lands. The forests, rocks, and caves are home to birds, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.
There are helicopter tours over the Grand Canyon. There are hotels, camping sites, and souvenir shops. You can choose to travel through the park by the following modes of transportation:
Bicycle;
Train;
Horseback riding;
Hiking route;
Airplane;
Balloon.
The infrastructure of this reserve is well developed. Part of the park in winter is closed to the public, but its southern areas are always full of tourists from all over the world.
From Flagstaff to the canyon is possible by shuttle or bus. The distance between the park entrance and the city is about 100 km.
Mount Rainer
The park is located in Washington state, Pierce and Lewis County, and was founded in 1899.
The main attraction is the stratovolcano (volcano, composed of tephra, lava and volcanic ash) Rainier. Its height exceeds 4200 m. Around it are pristine forests, untouched by man, waterfalls, subalpine and alpine meadows and about 25 glaciers.
The most popular is the area on the southern slope of the volcano, which is called Paradise (which means "paradise"). In total, the park includes more than 40 tourist sites.
Denali
The park is located in central Alaska. It was founded in 1917 and was called Mount McKinley.
The main attraction of the park is the highest peak in North America, part of the Alaskan Range, Mount Denali. Its height exceeds 6,000 m. In addition, the park has lakes of glacial origin and about 650 species of plants.
An excursion is considered successful if it was possible to meet a sheep, a moose, a reindeer, a wolf and a grizzly.
Entry on their own transport is allowed only for the first 24 kilometers, after that - only on the park buses.
In addition to the bus tour, there are hiking trails, a small plane tour, and a direct rock climb up the mountain.
Mammoth Cave
Located in Kentucky and established in 1941, the main attraction is the cave itself. Its name has nothing to do with mammoths, it just emphasizes how huge it is. Mammoth Cave joins the others and is part of the Flint Ridge Cave System.
There are many amazing things in this cave: frozen waterfalls, the Hall of Stars, which got its name thanks to the inclusions of quartz crystals sparkling against the limestone walls, the Concert Hall, where violinists sometimes perform, the alley of stalactites and stalagmites and much more.
Excursions vary in length and complexity of the route. The simplest lasts about an hour, and complex require prior preparation.
Glacier, Montana.
In the U.S. state of Montana, which borders Canada, there is an amazingly beautiful Glacier Nature Preserve. The nature there is untouched by man, and abounds with rivers, hills, forests, and fields.
To get into the Glacier, you have to pay $12 to enter, motorists pay for the right to enter it $25. The park stretches over 4,000 square kilometers. The best time to visit it is from May to October.
The Glacier lands are home to glaciers that may soon disappear from the face of the earth altogether. The park has many trails for eco-tourism enthusiasts.
The water route from Glacier Bay by boat is very popular. It is possible to view the park from a helicopter, as well as to drive along its roads by car. There are hotels, stores and gas stations, trailer sites, and campgrounds on the territory of the reserve.
Great Smokey Mountains, North Carolina
If you ask an American what the most famous nature reserve in the States is, he will point to the Great Smoky Mountains. More than 9 million tourists visit this park every year.
On the lands of the reserve there is such a hiking trail, the length of which exceeds all similar ones by several times. The national park includes 150 hiking trails.
The main tourist "thing" of the park are the ruins of ancient Indian settlements. The infrastructure of the reserve is underdeveloped, there is only one hotel on Mount Le Comte. You can stay overnight in campsites, but many of them do not provide electricity or water.
The park's forests and mountains amaze with their colorful, colorful and changeable character. The fog often descends from the mountain ranges, thanks to which the reserve is called the "Smoky Mountains".
Wind Cave
The park is located in the foothills of the Black Hills in South Dakota, founded in 1903.
The main attraction of the park - Wind Cave, the fifth longest in the world. Its length exceeds 220 km. It is the result of the action of thermal waters on limestone rocks. The cave is a large labyrinth and many galleries. The cave is equipped for tours, offering routes of varying difficulty.
Hawaii Volcanoes, Hawaii
The grandiose Mauna Loa volcano reaches 9,000 meters in height and is located in the Hawaii Volcanoes Reserve, where you can see the process of lava eruption from a safe distance.
There are many geysers and craters in the park, where they organize a kind of jeep safari for a thorough tour of the natural sights.
A visitor's center, the Jagger Museum, observatory, and stores make up the infrastructure of Hawaii Volcanoes. Despite the proximity of lava monsters, there are campsites and small trailer parks in the preserve.
Torrey Pines, Calif.
Torrey Pines is a nature preserve that is closely adjacent to the city of San Diego. The total area of the park is 2,000 acres of land. The geographic composition of the preserve includes the following sites:
The beach of the same name;
Rocks and cliffs;
Laguna;
Forests and hills.
Rare migratory birds nest near these protected areas. Torrey Pines is home to wild cats, skunks, raccoons, coyotes, foxes, and unique pine trees.
Visiting a park with unique flora and fauna entails some restrictions, so Torrey Pines can be visited during the day. Picnics are also allowed on the coast. There are many coastal uplands in the reserve, where in season you can see the migration of whales.
Everglades. florida.
The enormous and biologically important Everglades Preserve in the U.S. is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, home to endangered species of animals and reptiles. The Preserve is home to the tropics and plants that are found nowhere else on the map.
A million and a half acres is an impressive area of the reserve, so a trip there should be planned with time to spare. Entering the protected area will cost motorists $20. There are many towns near the park where you can book a tour or take a boating course. This national park also sells annual passes to visit it. The price of such a pass will be about $40.
Africa's Largest Reserve - Africa's Best National Parks and Reserves
The largest nature reserve in the world has appeared in Africa. It is called Kavango Zambezi. The complex is located on the borders of five states: Angola, Botswana, Zambia, Namibia and Zimbabwe. The total area of the reserve exceeds 44 million hectares. The protected area includes 36 nature reserves and the land surrounding them. Kavang Zambezi is home to almost half of all elephants in Africa, over 600 different plant species and about 300 bird species.
With the formation of protected areas such as the Kavango Zambezi (KAZA for short) transnational reserve in Africa, endangered species that are prone to migrating (elephants and rhinos) feel completely safe in a vast area the size of Sweden.
Tourist paradise
This land is home to many world-famous attractions, such as Victoria Falls. Although this African reserve was founded only recently (2011), one of the main goals of the five states was to create conditions for the free migration of all animal species. In addition, for these countries, nature reserves and national parks in Africa are major tourist attractions. Every year thousands of tourists from around the world come to this unique transboundary nature reserve.
Animals
The elephants are undoubtedly the main representatives of fauna living in the complex. It may be hard to believe, but almost half of the total number of elephants in Africa live in the protected area. 600 plant species grow on these vast territories, including many unique ones. 300 species of birds find their home in the most picturesque areas of the region.
South Africa is a land of surprising combinations of the incompatible. The country's stunningly beautiful landscapes are concentrated in nature reserves and national parks.
Kruger Park
The cross-border area of 20 thousand square kilometers is between Zimbabwe and Mozambique. Elephant and lion, buffalo and rhinoceros, leopard feel quite comfortable here.
Statistics confirm the uniqueness of these places. The area occupied by this African reserve can be compared to the territory of Wales. It is countless picturesque meadows and pastures, coastal forests, which are home to about 150 species of mammals, including the largest population of rhinos.
A five-hour drive from Johannesburg, South Africa's largest metropolis, you can see wildlife and have an unforgettable experience. For example, in Kruger Park you can watch a lion fight a crocodile.
The most intrepid tourists can go on guided tours, accompanied by armed guards. Nature reserves and national parks in Africa are best visited in winter. During this time, the vegetation is not so vigorous and does not obstruct the view. Animals can be seen near the many water bodies, and at this time the risk of contracting malaria is minimal.
Royal-Natal
One of the most picturesque mountain ranges in Africa is the Drakensberg. The name translates as the Dragon Mountains. Sharp mountain tops here are smoothly transformed into green slopes, which are covered with bumps and hills.
Royal Natal National Park is located in a not very large area (2,500 square kilometers), part of the Ukahlamba Complex, a World Heritage Site. Despite this, the Drakensberg is one of the most famous mountain formations on Earth.
Sedeberg Nature Reserve
This mountain range is located 200 km north of Cape Town. Sedeberg Africa Reserve consists of many sandstone hills, dense thickets of fynbos, and the magnificent Mount St. Rock. Excursion routes last from one hour to several days.
During such a walk you can enjoy the wildlife of these places. You can climb steep slopes to the picturesque hills - Wolfberg Arch or the Maltese Cross. Tourists prefer to stay at Sandrif base. There is an observatory and a huge wine library. The best time to go is from April to August. This is the best time for hiking weather.
Mapungubwe
African national parks amaze tourists with the beauty of pristine nature. Mapungubwe is no exception. It is located along the borders of Botswana and Zimbabwe, in the Limpopo River Valley. Here, giraffes and elephants, baboons and leopards stroll leisurely between the trees.
Mapungubwe is on the World Heritage List and is a historical value, so if you are in Johannesburg, be sure to come here.
In ancient times this area was the center of the South African kingdom. In 1300 B.C. there were nine thousand people living here. Archaeologists have discovered hills with burial places, which were buried unique values, for example, a golden rhinoceros figurine. It is better to come here in June and August.
Blyde River.
Africa's wildernesses and parks vary in their natural landscapes. This canyon deserves to be seen for yourself. It towers over the Blyde River and seems to jut down from the peaks of the Drakensberg Ranges with the magnificent crowns of thousands of beautiful trees.
The green gentle slopes, with sandstone and limestone hills above them, make this place even more beautiful. The most famous of them is the rock of Triple Rondavel, with its huge vaults and semicircular tops that resemble the roofs of rondavels (African houses).
It is better not to visit the nature reserves of Africa from January to March. During this time, travel is not very comfortable - moist air descends from the mountains, and there is a risk of malaria.
Isimangaliso
The name of this wetland park means "miracle" in Zulu. The national park covers an area of 3,320 square kilometers, an ecosystem of world significance. Isimangaliso is covered with lakes, swamp forests, coral reefs, the largest river delta on the continent and about 220 km of beaches on the shores of the Indian Ocean.
Africa's reserves, large and not so large, are mostly prepared to welcome tourists. For example, Isimangaliso Park has excellent conditions for diving and horseback riding. Under the guidance of experienced instructors, you can go kayaking and observe wildlife.
This park, 375 km from Durban, is especially good from June to October, when there is no exhausting heat and the risk of contracting malaria is minimal.
Namakua
Not all nature reserves in Africa can boast such unique vegetation as Namakuwaland, located along the coast of South Africa. It is often called the Garden of Africa, blooming in the spring with a thousand colors. It is a true decoration of the arid continent. From early August to late September you can see this beauty with your own eyes.
The park is located near Cape Town. It is a true treasure trove of rich flora. The blooming of the daisies in this park is a mesmerizing sight.
Kgalgadi Transboundary Park
A "wild island" of land on the red-hot sands of the Kalahari Desert, Kgalgadi Park is located in the transboundary zone between Botswana and South Africa, the world's largest wilderness area and is home to many animals - lions and ostriches, leopards and cheetahs - that survive in this arid land.
Ktugalgadi Park is a great place to watch the big cats, but you have to be careful - you could end up with a lion on the same path at any moment.
Table Mountain
The national park, which has such a strange name, is located in the Cape Peninsula and offers a stunning view of Cape Town, the oldest city in South Africa.
In this park there are many great opportunities for outdoor activities. You will be offered to paraglide from the Lion's Head Cliff. You can rock climb on the highest slope of Table Mountain, walk along the scenic trails. Locals recommend climbing up the mountain through the meadows of the Kirstenbosch Botanical Garden.
Golden Gate
The Maluti Mountains are 300 km northeast of Bloemfontein and offer early morning herds of grazing antelope. The magnificent sight of the mountains at sunset, when the slopes turn golden, gave the park its name. Brandwag Mountain is particularly beautiful as it is visible from every angle.
Tsavo Conservation Area, Kenya
Tsavo West
Consisting of Tsavo West, Tsavo Eastas well as Chulu Hills National Park, it is the largest park in Kenya and boasts the largest population of elephants in the country. Tsavo West is the most popular of these parks with Ngulia Rhinoceros Nature Reserve as well as a crocodile and a hippo Mzima Springs. Chaimu Crater is a great place to see birds of prey. The dense foliage, especially in the northern areas of the park, makes the wildlife more challenging, but the lush landscapes make a great backdrop for photos. Mountaineering is also a popular activity in the park.
Tsavo East, halfway between Nairobi and Mombasa, is much more arid than its western brother. Large herds of mermaid elephant in red dust here, baobabs dot the parched plains, and the palm ravines of the Galana River snake through the dry landscape. Other highlights include the world's longest lava flow, Плато Ятта</b>; водопады; и разнообразие дикой природы, включая слонов, носорогов, меньшего куду и львов. Национальный парк Чюлу-Хиллз охватывает холмистые зеленые холмы, а также пещеры и вулканические конусы и кратеры. Это одно из лучших мест для осмотра горы Килиманджаро и предлагает фантастические возможности наблюдения за птицами.
Amboseli National Park, Kenya
Amboseli National Park, Kenya
Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa's highest mountain, presides over this diverse park, which is famous for its large herds of elephants. It is Kenya's second most popular national park after the Masai Mara National Reserve and contains five different habitats within its boundaries, including a swamp system, dense forest, savannah and a dried layer of Lake Amboseli. These contrasting ecosystems provide wildlife diversity and abundance of big cats like cheetah and lion as well as waterbuck, gazelle, impala and over 600 bird species. sl Masai Village near the park and learn about this fascinating tribe who live around the park boundaries.
The best nature reserves in Kazakhstan
Aksu-Zhabagli
The first of the country's reserves was established in 1926. It is located in the south of Kazakhstan and covers an area of almost 132 thousand hectares. The symbol of the territory is the Greig tulip. This flower is actively exported. The flora has over 1700 species. Of the rare fauna are the endangered snow leopard and two endemics - subspecies of argali ram and Talas marmot.
Almaty
The reserve appeared on maps in 1931. Refers to the territory of the Zailiisky Alatau Range. The area - about 72 thousand hectares. There is a division into altitude belts. The first stretches from the forest-steppe to a height of 1600 meters and is covered with deciduous forests. The second level is limited to the mark 2800 meters, and there are predominantly conifers. The next level - mostly Alpine meadows. And above 3500 meters begin glaciers and bare rocks. Developed river network, many lakes.
Naurzum
It was founded in 1931, but was closed for 15 years, until 1966. The area - more than 191 thousand hectares. The territory of the reserve is divided into three zones. Naurzum - lake systems, pine forest standing on aeolian sands, different types of steppes. Sypsyn - waterlogged lakes, spike forest, mixed grass-sandy steppes and dry meadows. Tersek - pine forest, mostly tipchak-sandy steppes, Dana-Bike river valley.
Barsakelmes
It occupies more than 160 thousand hectares from Kyzylorda oblast. The date of creation is 1939. The reserve is divided into two cluster areas: Barsakelmes and Kaskakulan. The only reserve in the CIS, which is located in the zone of ecological disaster. All because of the Aral Sea level drop. Extreme natural conditions allow researchers to observe accelerated processes of evolution and climate change.
Korgalzhynski
It was established in 1968 and currently occupies an area of more than 543,000 hectares. The reserve is only 130 km from the capital city. The main value of the territory is the wetlands. Dalmatian pelicans, murres and flamingos live here. There are both fresh and salt water bodies. Local Lake Tengiz is part of an international network of unique lakes. The reserve is included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Markakolsky
It was formed in 1976 in the vicinity of the lake of the same name. The area is almost 103 thousand hectares. The range is wide: from steppes to stony tundras and alpine meadows. Flora is diverse - about 700 species of plants. Among the fauna species are rare, such as the snow leopard and the American mink. The waters of Lake Markakol are not too rich in fish, but you can catch a tench, a gudgeon or a char.
Ustyurt
It is located in the Mangistau region. It was formed in 1984 to protect the Ustyurt plateau and its northern deserts. The area of the reserve is more than 223 thousand hectares. The reserve has several types of soil, so the flora is diverse - 263 species. Cheetahs used to live in these areas in the past, but became extinct in the 1960s. Leopards replaced them, their numbers are small. In Ustyurt, there is only one amphibian species - green toad.
West Altai
It is located in the east of the country. Its area is more than 86 thousand hectares. The purpose of the reserve's creation in 1992 was to protect the biogeocenoses of the Altai mountain system. The ridges here are not too high. The granite remains of the Linear Squirrel are recognized as a geological monument. The river network is developed, and water bodies are mainly fed by melting snow. In West Altai is the largest upper bog of the region - "Gulbishche".
Alakolsky
The area of 65.5 thousand hectares became a protected area in 1998. The main protected areas are concentrated in the delta of the Tentek River and on the islands of Lake Alakol. The reserve's employees are engaged in restoration of the relict gull population, creating favorable living conditions for them. Not only fishing is prohibited in the buffer zone, but also parking of watercraft. Since 2013, Alakolsky is included in the UNESCO Biosphere Reserves Network.
Karatau
It was established in 2004 on an area of 34.3 thousand hectares. It is located in the central part of the Karatau Ridge. There are many rivers and seasonal streams on the slopes of the highlands. Three deserts come close to the reserve. In the last century the composition of fauna has changed greatly. Disappearing species and a decline in populations are the main reason for establishing the reserve. The flora is not fully studied, but 76 endemics have already been identified.
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