Infografics.ru

Overview of planetariums in Russia

Nothing can enchant a person like the starry sky, but bright signs, flashing billboards, lit streets do not allow the inhabitants of cities and towns to enjoy the beauty of the night sky. To help you enjoy it, together with the 2GIS information service we have prepared a list of planetariums and observatories in major cities of the country Masha Guseva

Great Planetarium of Moscow

Planetarium with an 85-year history and the largest screen dome in Europe. The Great Planetarium of Moscow was the thirteenth in the world. All planetariums in Russia began their work with its direct participation. The planetarium has also contributed greatly to the development of Russian cosmonautics. The Great Planetarium of Moscow has two observatory towers - large and small. In the interactive museum "Lunarium" visitors can conduct real scientific experiments, and in the museum "Urania" - see the oldest astronomical instruments and even touch the real

Online tours of the Moscow Planetarium

The Virtual Planetarium is a large project that allows you to get acquainted with the exposition online and, most importantly, to watch and listen to the best lectures about space, as well as learn the entire history of the Moscow Planetarium.

Videos are available on the official YouTube channel of the Moscow Planetarium:

• Moscow Planetarium: For 90 years we have been lighting the stars
• Playlist with excursions
• Scientist's Tribune Project Lecture Series

However, the planetarium's online educational activities are not limited to the YouTube channel; the official website even has a dedicated section dedicated to all open-access projects:

Schedule of sessions at the Moscow Planetarium

You can watch informative films about space in the planetarium from Wednesday to Monday. The day off is Tuesday.

The poster is always varied, and there are many sessions throughout the day.

Prices in the planetarium in Moscow in 2020

• Great Hall of Stars and the Uranium Museum - on weekdays from 550 rubles, on weekends / holidays - from 600 rubles;
• Lunarium - 450 rubles / weekdays, 500 rubles / weekends (can be paid by card "Troika");
• Small Hall of Stars - 100/200 rubles;
• Grand Observatory - 250 rubles/weekdays, 300 rubles/weekends;
• Astroplatform "Park of the Sky" - 100 rubles;
• Theater of fascinating science - 600 rubles.

Full price - on the official website of the Moscow Planetarium.

Hotels near the Moscow Planetarium

Apartment at Krasnaya Presnya from 2 900 rub	GMApartments Stalin's Skyscrapper with samovar from 4 500 rubles	Guest House on Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya Alisa from 4 500 rubles
GMApartments in Stalin's Skyscrapper from 4,410 rubles	Hostel Astra on the Arbat from 585 rubles	Karol Apart Zoo from 3 500 rub

Tickets

The sale of tickets to the Moscow Planetarium begins 7 days in advance - for sessions, museums and other venues, and 1 month in advance - for concerts and custom events.

Ticket offices are open daily from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. Electronic tickets are also available on the official website:

Exposition

The scientific complex has modern equipped halls and exhibition areas with expositions, it has thematic museums. There are four levels in the building, including the lower - underground.

Small Star Hall

The Children's Hall, has a domed screen for showing popular science films and is often used to produce its own films. It is located on the lower (underground) level of the planetarium.

Lunarium Museum

An interactive children's museum with interesting physics and astronomy exhibits on the lower level and an exhibition on the history of space exploration on the first level of the building.

Urania Museum

Includes two halls - on the first and second levels. In the first hall one can see successively developing instruments and equipment for cognition of the Universe, including instruments for navigating by stars. There is also an exhibition devoted exclusively to the history of the Moscow Planetarium: books, photographs and some equipment (legendary Planetarium apparatuses #13 and #313). An exhibition of meteorites, globes and a model of the solar system is in the second hall of the Uranium Museum.

Observatories of the Moscow Planetarium

The largest telescope in Moscow available to visitors is in the Large Observatory, with a diameter of 300 mm. The Small Observatory has a 400-mm telescope for research work.

"Park the Sky."

An open-air astronomical site with several instruments: astronomy (classical, ancient and telescopic), sundials, globes and other exhibits that once had practical significance.

The Great Hall of Stars

Located on the last, third level, directly under the dome, its projector allows you to see more than 9 thousand celestial bodies and their movement across the sky. Like in the Small Hall, 4D film screenings are held here.

Fascinating Science Theater "Visiting the Stargazer"

One of the Moscow Planetarium's new projects. Interactive children's programs are designed for children of different ages, individual and group applications are accepted.

Also in the building there is a photo studio, a souvenir store "MKS". A map of the planetarium can be seen on the official website.

Planetarium of the Cultural Center of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

The planetarium is located in the center of Moscow and is a monument of architecture of the 18th century - the city manor "Catherine Palace" with a magnificent park. The planetarium was founded on the basis of the Frunze Cultural Center of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The apparatus installed in the planetarium allows to observe various celestial phenomena: a meteor shower, solar and lunar eclipses. During sessions on the dome of the Star Hall one can see a star sky, various planets and comets. During the year the planetarium hosts performances of the leading astronomers of the country

B. A. Maksimachev Planetarium (mobile planetarium)

Sessions are held every Saturday and Sunday at the Cosmonautics Memorial Museum. The planetarium can also come to any place and time that is convenient. Lecturers will introduce the basics of astronomy, help take a virtual walk through the sky under the dome of the mobile planetarium, show the starry sky at different latitudes. The offer is especially relevant for students of educational institutions of Moscow and the Moscow region. Without leaving the walls of their native school, children can travel into space. Educational programs and popular science films are shown in

St. Petersburg Planetarium

The Planetarium was founded in 1959. In the Stellar Hall of the Planetarium one can observe the most important astronomical phenomena: starry sky of the Earth, daily motion of the sky, movement of the Sun and planets, nebulae and star clusters, the Milky Way. In the hall "Space travel" one can become a crew member of a spaceship and make an exciting flight around the Solar System. The hall "Planet" will tell everything about home - about planet Earth, about the birth of life on Earth, and about those who live there. The laboratory of amusing experiments allows to spend

Main Pulkovskaya Astronomical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences

The famous observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences was founded in 1839 by order of Emperor Nicholas I. The observatory houses the Museum of Astronomy, where one can trace the history of Russian astronomy in the 19th and 20th centuries. The Pulkovo Observatory is a World Heritage Site and is protected by UNESCO. During the tour visitors can see the main instruments in operation - the 26" refractor telescope, the Grand Pulkovo Radio Telescope, the Solar Telescope and the park.

See the stars in Novosibirsk, Volgograd, Yekaterinburg and more

Children and Youth Center "Planetarium"

The planetarium's history dates back to 2006 and includes the largest astrophysical center in the Asian part of Russia, a park and the Foucault Tower. The planetarium building itself is two-story with a film studio on the first floor and a second floor with a 16-meter dome for 114 seats. The 7-degree tilt of the dome makes the projected image as realistic as possible. A visit to the Planetarium includes an overview tour, a short astronomic lecture, a full-dome movie showing and a visit to the Foucault Tower.

Spherical Cinema

Spherical full-dome cinema is not just a map of the starry sky, it is a full-fledged cinema, in which the image with the help of special projectors is displayed on the dome with a 360 degree view. So, the knowledge of the sky goes with a strong immersive effect. The films are specially created by the Spherical Cinema Society, they are a mix of educational films and entertainment show. The ticket price is 200 rubles.

Volgograd Planetarium

The Volgograd Planetarium opened its doors in 1954. One of the largest planetariums in Russia, it is among the eight best in the world. The Planetarium has its own Astronomical Observatory, whose dome rotates in any direction you want. With the telescope installed there you can observe the Sun, the Moon with its craters, mountains and seas. In the evening you can see planets, stars, comets, star clusters and nearby galaxies. The Planetarium has the Altsiya Astronomy Club, where school children can work with the

Krasnoyarsk Planetarium

A visit to the planetarium in Krasnoyarsk consists of a tour of the Museum of Rocket and Space Technology and a film projected on the dome. Now the planetarium offers four films for viewing. "Astronomy" tells about the basics of science, its formation, history and major milestones. You will learn about the location of stars in the sky, the structure of the constellations, the Zodiac, the structure of the solar system, the discoveries of great scientists. "Two glasses" tells about telescopes, the specifics of their work and history of creation. The film "In search of the edge of the solar system" is about the research

Nizhny Novgorod Planetarium

The planetarium was founded in 1948. An interesting fact is that in 2007 a space simulator for docking the Soyuz-TMA spaceship with the International Space Station was installed here. The visualization system installed in the planetarium, which actually projects the starry sky on the dome of the building, is the first and only domestic development of its kind. The new planetarium building allows for over 50 thousand visitors annually and 1300 events. In addition to lectures on astronomy and optional programs for students of secondary schools

A planetarium with the world's largest dome opened in St. Petersburg

The new planetarium's star hall in the historic gasometer building welcomed its first guests Friday night, surpassing the diameter of the dome of the planetarium in Nagoya, Japan, which was considered the largest in the world.

The building of the largest gas holder in Russia on the embankment of Obvodny Channel was built more than a century and a half ago to store gas, which was used for lighting the city streets. The area of the whole complex after restoration is 4 thousand square meters and allows to combine a star hall, a museum with space exhibits, interactive halls with virtual reality, educational classrooms and an observatory.

Prices

At the moment the rates are as follows:

Adult ticket - 550 rubles

For students - 400 rubles

Veterans and their companions, as well as children under three years - free of charge.

The working mode of the institution is from 10:00 to 22:00. This is a technical mode. The management believes that the completion of construction work and the formation of the finished complex should be carried out in front of people.

The building

The building where the new planetarium is housed was formerly a gas holder (gas storage). The gas was used to light the streets of the city more than 150 years ago. The total area of the complex after it was restored is equal to 4000 sq. m.

Such a scale made it possible to place everything necessary on the territory - an observatory, classrooms, a star hall, a space museum, as well as rooms where you can try interactive attractions with virtual reality.

On the opening day

Several hundred guests gathered for the opening of this incredible spectacle, and there was even a line of curious people at the entrance. They were greeted by a talking robot, which caused genuine excitement not only among children, but also among adults.

Among the guests of honor were Andrei Borisenko, cosmonaut and Hero of Russia, as well as Governor Georgy Poltavchenko. Poltavchenko believes that the opening of such a large institution is another significant step in the development of the creative industry in the city.

And Andrei Borisenko noted that it would be nice to see the starry sky at any time in the cloudy St. Petersburg weather.

The initiator of the construction, Evgeny Gudov, says that the planetarium will use the most modern high technology. The creators have invested all their creativity and knowledge in this project. As for the financial investment, 380 million rubles have been invested so far.

After the ceremony, visitors were shown short videos on the reconstruction of the building and the history of astronautics, with images projected directly onto the dome.

Eugene Gudov about the development of the project

The chief ideologist described how he and his team traveled to different countries around the world and visited planetariums there to highlight the best points for creating the perfect complex.

He assures that in terms of technical characteristics, the Russians surpassed all foreign competitors. Great attention was paid to the content, so that it would look good on the dome. The dome itself is assembled from aluminum plates.

It was also important to intrigue every visitor, both adults and children. The program should not be boring so that it makes you want to sleep. So the best studios in Russia work on the creation of scenes.

Also, the creators organized a collaboration with NVidia, which has agreed to supply for the planetarium powerful video cards Quadro P6000, capable of not only playback video in 16K, but also to make calculations of the sky for training programs.

The complex was also strongly sponsored by Lumiere Hall, a well-known creative space in Moscow that specializes in contemporary art.

How did the idea to build a planetarium on the Obvodny Island come about?

I first got into this gas holder in the summer of 2015. The first thought I had was to build a planetarium here. I measured the diameter and realized that the largest in the world would fit here. While I was thinking about it, I held exhibitions of "living canvases" by Van Gogh and Aivazovsky here [in December 2015]. Then I decided to do [the planetarium]: then our company began to prepare technically and work out the possibilities.

Around the same time, I decided that the planetarium was not all that would be on the grounds of the gasometer. The neighboring buildings - so it is planned now - will become a science and technology complex with a star hall, a museum with space exhibits, interactive halls with virtual reality, educational classrooms and an observatory. Some of them will appear already by November, some will be completed a little later. The final refinements will continue until the end of 2018.

The planetarium building from the other side of the Obvodny Canal.
Planetarium building.

The planetarium layout

The projection dome is 37 meters in diameter, two meters larger than the previous record holder, located in Japan. To transmit images to it, the hall is equipped with four dozen projectors. The image resolution exceeds 256,000,000 pixels. According to the creators, this is done for maximum immersion in the space of space.

In the center of the star room there are two interactive tables, which are very popular with children. They show a map of the starry sky, complete with three-dimensional constellations of the two hemispheres. You can click on any star and find out what it is called.

On the first floor are models of spaceships, including the famous "Soyuz" station and the fantastic "Death Star" from Star Wars. The collection is planned to replenish, already ordered models of many famous ships.

How the planetarium will develop

We don't have the goal of getting as many kids through the planetarium as possible so that they all go into astronomy. We just want them to be interested in technology and think about choosing a technical or scientific profession. Now Russia needs engineers, developers and programmers to grow and gain success on the international stage.

We already have two lectures a month. We invite famous St. Petersburg scientists to them. One of the first lectures will be given by a scientist who supervises the development of the school astronomy program. We will have specialists from both Russian and international planetariums.

Although we don't have any lofty ambitions. We make a planetarium just for fun. We want to, we like, we can, and we do. It's all for ourselves: it's nice to be in the building, we're fans of our work. We want to share that. And if you do it for yourself, others should like it, too.

What money is being used to build the project and who is helping the planetarium?

There are no sponsors - we do everything ourselves. We are not a state project - no one offered us money, although it would have been great. I myself invested 380 million rubles in the project. One-third of the money was credit, the rest we earned from other projects.

Only the Investment Committee provided us with an employee who accompanies us to all the other committees where we went and still go to coordinate the construction and opening of the planetarium.

We won't start working with travel agencies until the season is over. In November, the program will be in Russian only, and the English version will not appear until the new year. By summer, I hope, we'll add titles in other languages.

If they start redirecting schoolchildren to us to study astronomy (Georgy Poltavchenko, governor of St. Petersburg, recommending the Investment Council to support the planetarium project, said that schoolchildren should have the opportunity to study astronomy - ed. "Papers."), it will be great. Schoolchildren will pay for the tours, and we will show them, tell them, and surprise them.

Although the money received from schoolchildren will still go into the project. We'll use it to build something new or complete something old.

The projection dome is not ready yet.

Exhibition in the planetarium building in honor of the heroes of space.
Exhibition in the planetarium building in honor of the heroes of space.

How the project will differ from the planetariums at Gorkovskaya and the Lakhta Center

We don't actually have three planetariums in town. There are mobile ones that inflate and roll out in schools. We won't compete with all of them - we'll just have unique content.

Moreover, the planetarium at Gorkovskaya, which has a diameter of 16 meters, and the planetarium at the Lakhta Center, which has a diameter of 15 meters, will be regional because of their size. We will become a federal facility, a tourist attraction.

We worked on our content specifically for the planetarium, which will be the largest in the world.

Blueprints of the projection dome.

Plans

A variety of content is planned so that people of all ages will be interested in the planetarium. There will be screenings of children's films about space in the morning. In late January 2018, the laboratory will be opened, and in another 4-5 months, the lectures and observatory. The entire complex will be completed tentatively by September 2018.

Also in the future it will be made independent in terms of electricity - several wind generators will be installed to ensure an uninterrupted supply of electricity.

The dome is not yet complete, but that will be fixed very soon. A nice bonus - with tickets purchased at the moment, you can go twice more.

Next to the main building will be built an aircraft modeling club, several exhibition halls, a robotics workshop and viewing platform, as well as several additional classrooms for lectures.

Starry sky in a cloudy city

Astronomers discovered an asteroid belt near the nearest starThe opening ceremony of the star hall with the largest projection dome attracted hundreds of visitors, and even at the entrance there was a line of those wishing to attend. The guests were greeted by a talking robot, with which not only children but also adults were happy to talk and take pictures.

Governor of St. Petersburg Georgy Poltavchenko and Hero of Russia, pilot-cosmonaut Andrey Borisenko were the honorary participants of the ceremony.

"This is not only a new venue where St. Petersburgers and guests of the city can study the starry sky and get the necessary information, but also the largest planetarium in the world," said the governor.

Scientists told why the first dog flew into space LaikaAccording to his assessment, the opening of the planetarium will be another step in the development of the so-called "gray belt" of St. Petersburg and a good example of investment project in the creative industries. According to the mayor, the implementation of this project corresponds to a new trend in the development of public space in the former industrial areas.

Project initiator Evgeny Gudov said that the new planetarium will be one of the most high-tech: "We tried to invest not only money, but also our knowledge, our experience and creativity.

Planetarium with the largest dome in the world opened in St. Petersburg

According to cosmonaut Andrei Borisenko, the planetarium is also important for St. Petersburg because it allows you to see the stars in a city whose sky is often obscured by clouds.

Scientists have named a new threat for astronauts during a flight to MarsAfter the ceremonial part, guests were shown video clips about the history of St. Petersburg, the reconstruction of the gas holder building, as well as the main stages of the development of astronautics. Part of the dome, where the image was projected, was used as a screen.

"According to another interlocutor of the agency, the new site will also be interesting for children, who will be able not only to see the starry sky, but also to study the models of spacecraft installed in the hall.

"My son really liked the Buran model, I think we will definitely come here again. I would like to learn more about space," he shared.

The real space awaits visitors

NASA astronomers have discovered two dozen potential twins of the EarthDiameter of the projection dome of the new planetarium is 37 meters, which is 2 meters more than the parameters of the planetarium in the Japanese city of Nagoya, which is included in the Guinness Book of Records. 40 powerful projectors will transmit the picture to the planetarium screen, the image resolution will be over 256 million pixels and the volume sound power will reach 50 kW. According to the design, it will allow visitors to fully immerse themselves in the atmosphere of space - especially since for their convenience in the room

He added that the installation of the cover of the dome of the starry hall will be completed soon, and the first "space session" viewers will see on November 4.

"At the end of January we have a laboratory opening, in May - the opening of the observatory and lecture halls. And the whole complex we want to be completely finished by September 1, 2018," said the author of the project.

Nagoya Science Museum

The Japanese planetarium, which can accommodate up to 350 people simultaneously, has been listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the largest planetarium in the world since 2011, but the city on the Neva has already submitted a similar application.

Nagoya Science Museum

The planetarium opened in 1962 and was renovated in 2011. The map of the starry sky is different every month, depending on the time of year and the location of the constellations. The seats in the auditorium unfold in a semi-circle and have reclining backs (up to 30 degrees). The session lasts just under an hour.

Interestingly, for Japanese schoolchildren attendance is completely free.

The architecture of the planetarium strikes everyone who sees it for the first time - a huge metal sphere as if squeezed between buildings, looking like a large vertical lawn. The whole ball is covered with solar panels, of which there are more than 700. This technical exhibit itself generates energy using solar panels for the entire scientific complex.

Nagoya Planetarium

Going up to the upper floors by a transparent elevator, visitors can observe the planetarium in detail. The science museum itself consists of three exhibitions. Besides astronomy, it includes biology and science and technology, but the space section is the most popular and most visited.

The modern Universarium projector is designed specifically for rooms with a sloping floor. Fiber optics allows you to increase the brightness of the depicted star, not by increasing power, but by using the light flux most productively. An additional second projector transmits a picture up to 64 megapixels in resolution.

An incipient tornado

The planetarium has a special room with a temperature of minus 30 degrees. While in it, viewers can watch the northern lights in the closest possible conditions. And in another room there is the genesis and broadcast of a huge tornado. You can also see the game of robot soccer players.

Killing Giants: The World's Largest Guns

Big guns have always attracted attention, because they show their power with all their appearance, can stop an elephant at full throttle and at the same time are quite compact for easy carrying. The latter, however, can not be said about all handguns of the "small arms" family. And they are not always handguns.

About Desert Eagle

This large-caliber pistol is known to many. It can often be seen in Hollywood action films and computer games.

It is very popular due to its very spectacular appearance and high weight. The weight of this shooting model even with an empty magazine exceeds 2 kg. Of the entire line of ammunition for this weapon, it is recommended to use "Magnum-50" AE 12.7x33 RB mm caliber cartridges, which are considered the most powerful. As the weapon experts say, since the 12.7 mm ammunition belongs to the machine gun caliber, the muzzle energy values of the Desert Eagle and AK-47 are approximated.

The Desert Eagle was designed not as a semiautomatic pistol but as an automatic rifle. The Desert Eagle reloads by venting the powder gases. According to numerous owner reviews, the advantage of large-caliber pistols is their high power and kill rate, but the Desert Eagle is not without some drawbacks. Its weaknesses include too much recoil when fired and muzzle flames that prevent rapid aiming and pointing the gun at the line

About the Sokolovsky model. 45

This pistol is considered the most expensive in the world and is produced in small batches. It is characterized by the absence of all protruding parts. On the surface inspection it does not show axles, screws, safeties and breech blocks. The gun is equipped with special cocking block damper, which slows the firing rate and indicates that the gun is ready for use. Weight of the Sokolovsky .45 is 1630 g. magazine is designed for 6 shots of 11.43 mm ammunition.

About AMC Auto Mag Guns

This model is considered a serious competitor to the Magnum-44 revolvers. The ammunition is based on the 7.62x51mm Winchester 308 rifle.

The muzzle velocity of the bullet is 512 m/s. It emits an energy of 2000 J. According to the owners of the gun, it has a very strong recoil. It is fed by single-row magazines, which hold 7 rounds. According to the owners, the gun is of very high quality and has a high accuracy. In addition, it can be equipped with optics. The disadvantage of the model is too high recoil.

Therefore, the owners of such a weapon have to hold it with two hands when shooting. At a distance of 25 meters the bullets are in a circle with a diameter of 3.5 cm.

Shooting product from Freedom Arms

Casull: A .45 caliber Magnum revolver with high lethality characteristics based on the cartridge case of the .454 cartridge used to fire the Colts. This ammunition had such a powerful powder load that the gunsmith decided to design a revolver with a special construction that could withstand high pressure, and so the Casull revolver. The gun is made of high strength steel with a muzzle energy rating of 2000 J. Because there are no moving parts, the revolver has no muzzle energy at all.

About the California Hand Grenade Launcher

The city of San Ramon, California, is the birthplace of the powerful Gyrojet revolver. American designers originally created a weapon that fired small rockets. They were stabilized in flight by rotating around their longitudinal axis. Later, a special hand-held launcher was developed, which became the Gyrojet revolver. Unlike other models that use bullets, the operation of this weapon involves special rockets. Their diameter is 13 mm. The ammunition is equipped with solid warheads and tubular stabilizers

According to experts, the Gyrojet has a low accuracy compared to a conventional pistol. At a distance of 10 yards, the bullets are scattered to a diameter of 11 inches when fired.

About Thunder 50 BMG

The weapon is manufactured by Triple Action LCC, an American company. In an effort to create the largest-caliber pistol ever, the designers decided not to use pistol ammunition. The experiments were done with conventional ammunition used for the 50 BMG sniper rifle. The cartridge size: 12.7x99 mm. The resulting weapon is called Thunder 50 BMG and was first presented at the SHOT Show in 2004.

The pistol is a single shot pistol with a muzzle brake and a hydraulic recoil system, rare for such weapons, which decreases the recoil during firing by about 20%. The muzzle energy value is 15,500 J. A drawback of the gun is the flames that are discharged through the compensator slots. The range of flames discharged during firing can reach five meters. This makes it difficult to point the gun quickly at the next target.

About the TRR8 revolver

This revolver is a Smith Wesson revolver, which was designed for the Special Forces and is equipped with a scope holder and a place for the flashlight under the barrel. The Smith Wesson can hold 8 rounds of Magnum 357 ammunition, which is much more powerful than standard 9mm pistol cartridges.

The TRR8 is a very accurate, semi-auto pistol, but like all revolvers, the Smith Wesson has one drawback: the reloading is too time-consuming.

About the Perfect 10, Colt Delta Elite and Glock 20

Judging by numerous owner reviews, the Perfect 10 large-caliber pistol has high killing power and a stylish design, traditional to the Colt 1911.Perfect 10 is equipped with a classic adjustable sights.It fires 10 millimeter cartridges, which are contained in a magazine that holds 7 rounds.Another is located in the gun barrel.Unlike the Colt Delta Elite and Glock 20, Perfect 10 is more ergonomic and has a modular design.Although less expensive, Glock 20 is not equipped with electronic sights.According to gun

"Blow."

In Klimovsk, the designers of the Central Research Institute for Precision Machine Engineering designed the Russian "Udar" large-caliber revolver. The weapon features a rather outdated reloading scheme: to load the revolver with ammunition, the shooter must remove the drum. The weapon was first presented in 1993. The basis for 12.3 mm cartridges for this model was a 32-gauge hunting cartridge. The brass casing of the model is equipped with a powder charge and primer-igniter KV-26. Klimovsk gunmakers produced a line of cartridges for the "Udar" revolver. Ammunition

About the Tula large-caliber weapons

In 1994 the designers of the Tula KPB released a new large-caliber revolver, also referred to as the "Udar". The gun features a one-piece streamlined frame, a double action firing mechanism and a left-handed, hinged barrel. 12.3x40mm cartridges are based on the 32 caliber hunting ammunition. The drum of the Tula large-caliber model has the dimensions 172x44x136 mm. When filling the cylinder the shooter used a special magazines.

About the Tula modification

Tula gunsmiths made a service model of the 1994 Udar large-caliber revolver, which fired 12.3x22 mm special cartridges and used a soft lead bullet as the ammunition. The gun has low penetration and high stopping power, and is also used as a training weapon for personnel training. In such cases lead bullets are replaced with special marking ones.

About Dog Revolver

The gun designers of the Russian company "Titan" created a similar model on the basis of the Klimov large-caliber revolver. Manufacturer of the weapon: Vyatsko-Polyansky machine-building plant "Molot". Reloading is done by removing the drum. However, unlike "Udar", no extractor is provided for this pistol. "Dog" is used as a service and hunting weapon.

About the Assault RSh-12

New models of small arms for special forces have been designed by developers under the Vyhlop program. One of the very effective large-caliber pistols in Russia is considered to be RSh-12. The weapon is designed for SC-130 12.7x55 mm ammunition. According to experts, RSh-12 is the largest-caliber gun in the world. According to owner reviews, this weapon is light, compact, very powerful and quite accurate. In these parameters RSh-12 surpassed other small arms models of similar size available in the civilian arms market. for a pistol provided

In addition, the revolver is equipped with special Picatinny bars, which can be used to mount flashlight, laser designator, collimator or optical sights. According to experts, killing qualities of this gun are not inferior to the most powerful hunting rifles. High performance with low weight and dimensions are considered strengths of the RSh-12.

Giant Record Holder

The biggest gun that made it into the Guinness Book of World Records is an enlarged copy of the Remington 1858, created in 2002 by Richard Tobis. The length of the revolver is impressive - 126 cm, but so is its 45 kg weight, and it is, by the way, quite a workable copy, which has a chance to hit the target located at a hundred meters distance. This monster shoots 28 mm bullets, each weighing 138 g.

But this is just a homemade "souvenir," so it has some serious competition, which can also be called the biggest.

The largest production caliber is the Bland Price Revolver

If you're interested in the largest caliber of gun, you're here.

Production of this monster began in 1877. Its caliber - 577 - was adopted by the British Army in the 1860s as standard for the rifle. But then cartridges of this caliber were also approved for the revolver, which gave Wellby the opportunity to go down in history as a manufacturer of the largest caliber pistols.

This monster owes its name to Charles Price - the creator of a new type of joint, which was used in this revolver. The weight of the giant is 1.3 kg, the barrel length is also "modest" - 16 cm (total length - 29.5 cm). This, of course, is no Tobison gun, but when you look at the caliber...

The best guns in the world

When firearms first became known, they changed the world forever. When muskets appeared, there was no knightly army as such because of its ineffectiveness against firearms. The armor used at the time only protected against blades, swords and daggers, but bullets penetrated them.
Many years after the first prototypes, firearms have changed significantly.Relevant today are conventional pistols, which are versatile in difficult environments.To understand which pistol has been the best in history, the top the best guns in the worldwhich were current before or are in use nowadays.

Stechkin pistol (APS)

• Country of manufacturerUSSR
• Developed by: 1951
• Mass: 1.22 kg with ammunition (without holster-cover)
• Length225 mm (without holster) and 540 mm (with holster)
• Barrel length: 140 mm
• Initial bullet velocity: 340 m/s
• Magazine capacity: 20 rounds

This rating opens with a pistol of Soviet production. For many years it was used in the army due to its simplicity. Nowadays the weapon is extremely rare and is the property of collectors. The total number of produced copies is small.
In the world the Stechkin pistol was not as relevant as many other models of the time. For several decades it was successfully used by soldiers and agents. In 1958 it was discontinued. Too high cost was the main reason to remove the weapon from production. Among the drawbacks - large dimensions, which made the gun poorly suited for concealed carry and not very high combat power.

Heckler and Koch USP

• Country of manufacturer: Germany
• Developed by: 1989-1993
• Mass: 0.667 to 1.08 kg (depending on version)
• Length: 173 to 240 (depending on version)
• Barrel length: 91 to 153 mm (depending on version)
• Initial bullet velocity: 270 to 350 m/s (depending on caliber)
• Magazine capacity: 8 to 18 (depending on pistol version and caliber) cartridges

The gun was developed by a German manufacturer in 1993. Relatively good reliability, well-known German quality and good accuracy made this gun a top nine participant.
The manufacturer offered nine different modifications. The main drawbacks are the huge size, as well as uncomfortable bolt. Despite this in the list of the best pistols in the world this weapon got its place.

Desert Eagle Mark XIX

• Country of manufacturer: Israel, USA
• Developed by: 1983
• Mass: 1.7 (aluminum) to 2 (steel) kg
• Length: 273 mm (with a barrel length of 152 mm)
• Magazine capacity: 7 to 9 (depending on caliber) cartridges

The Desert Eagle with the .50 Action Express has a muzzle energy of 2,500 J. That is why it is one of the most powerful handguns in the world. of the most powerful pistols in the worldThe gun itself is positioned as a weapon for hunting, as well as for protection against beasts and criminals.
Thanks to the Desert Eagle (Desert Eagle or Desert Eagle) beautiful design, name and acceptable size, the gun was actively used during the filming of films and in the development of computer games in the shooter genre.

Walther P99

• Country of manufacturer: Germany
• Developed by: 1994-1997
• Mass: 0.7 kg
• Length: 180 mm
• Barrel length: 102 mm
• Initial bullet velocity: 375 m/s
• Magazine capacity: 10 rounds

The manufacturer of this gun has long been considered an innovator in the world of guns and pistols in particular. This model was first released from the assembly line in 1994, after which it became widespread. The manufacturers tried to create a weapon that would incorporate the latest technology and excellent quality.
After its release, the Walther P99 became a real sensation, because the company was previously engaged in the production of classic pistols. These all advantages enabled the Walther P99 to enter the top 10 best pistols in the world and to be placed in the seventh position.
Optimal weight, pleasant and comfortable grip and balanced dimensions make the gun comfortable to use. During the production period the gun has received several modifications.

Ruger Super RedHawk

• Cartridge: .454 Casull
• Barrel energy: 2,700 Joules

The highest accuracy of this revolver and its popularity among fans of long guns led it to the seventh place in the list of 10 most powerful pistols in the world. Based on the 1987 model, it absorbed its best features, such as reinforced strength of the frame around the cylinder, which, by the way, is also highly reliable. Experts position Ruger Super RedHawk as a gun for revolver hunting, which has been gaining popularity lately, but it is also widely used for sport shooting at long distances.

Thompson Center Contender Government .450

• Cartridge: .450 Marlin
• Barrel energy: More than 3500 Joules

This model dilutes the abundance of revolvers with its single-shot capability. Some will consider this a drawback, but the lack of a drum allows you to significantly reduce recoil and, as a result, improve accuracy. When you install additional optics, you get the ability to kill targets at distances up to 300 meters, but you should remember that the volume and bright flash will immediately give your location, and it takes about 10 seconds to reload.

FN-FNP 45. Belgium / USA

Source: Arielnyc2006 / CC0
In service since 2008
Weight: 919 gr.

The FN-FNP 45, a joint product of Belgian and American designers, has enough power to pierce the usual body armor.

Private security companies and the police prefer this model because of its reliability and lightness. After looking at the reviews, most-beauty.ru editorial staff concludes that FN-FNP 45 sits perfectly in the hand, which contributes to the aiming.

Automatic safeties ensure safety, and prevent spontaneous firing.

Colt M1911

• Country of manufacturer: U.S.
• Developed by: 1911, modification M1911A1 - 1926
• Mass: 1.12 kg
• Length: 216 mm
• Barrel length: 127 mm
• Initial bullet velocity: 252 m/s
• Magazine capacity: 7 rounds

The legendary and at the same time one of the oldest pistols of our time, you could say a weapon with a history, which is already a reason to include the weapon in the rating. For more than seventy years it was actively used in the U.S. Army, but it was replaced by a pistol from the Italians called Beretta 92.
For all time it is considered one of the most mass-produced, and experts note the presence of a large number of fakes. Not a roomy store and a relatively large weight does not allow it to go beyond the sixth line in this ranking.

TT pistol

• Country of manufacturerUSSR
• Developed by: 1930
• Curb weight: 0.94 kg
• Length: 195 mm
• Barrel length: 116 mm
• Initial bullet velocity: 420 m/s
• Magazine capacity: 8 rounds

This pistol is known for its good power and ability to penetrate various obstacles. Its small size makes it possible to conceal its carrying. It was developed in 1930 and for many years was actively used in the Soviet army.
It is very easy to handle, which was one of the reasons of its popularity. The main negative feature of the gun is unreliability of fixing the magazine with cartridges, due to which cases of self-shots were registered.

FN Five-seveN

• Country of manufacturer: Belgium
• Developed by: 1993-1998
• Curb weight: 0.744 kg
• Length: 208 mm
• Barrel length: 122 mm
• Initial bullet velocity: 520 to 650 m/s (depending on ammunition)
• Magazine capacity: 10 (limited), 20 (standard), 30 (increased capacity) cartridges

Designed and manufactured in 1998, this pistol is the fourth best pistol in the world and has been used successfully by various units and groups of the NATO military alliance. Easy to use in difficult situations, extremely light and versatile. And if you use special cartridges, you can increase the combat power, which will allow to pierce the armor.

Glock 17

• Country of manufacturer: Austria
• Developed by: 1982
• Curb weight: 0.905 kg
• Length: 186 mm
• Barrel length: 114 mm
• Initial bullet velocity: 350 - 360 m/s
• Magazine capacity: 17 (standard), 19 or 30 (high capacity) cartridges

The Glock 17 is in the top three and is successfully used by armed forces in several dozen countries. Various modifications allow to use it for different purposes. Optimal weight and uncomplicated construction (assembled from 30 parts) are the main advantages. With the help of a simple nail, specialists disassemble the gun in less than 60 seconds.
The Glock 17 is one of the most reliable pistols in the world. It can fire up to half a million rounds. There is no trigger as such. There is also no safety flag, which allows you to quickly remove the gun from the holster and fire it.
The Glock 17 does not fit the classic idea of a firearm. Structurally, many of its parts are made of a strong polymer that is not afraid of impact and mechanical effects. Many police officers in the U.S. use it. Some 40% police officers surveyed consider the Glock 17 the most comfortable of all time.

SIG-Sauer P226

• Country of manufacturer: Germany, Switzerland
• Developed by: 1981
• Curb weight: 0.802 or 0.867 (depending on the cartridges used) kg
• Length: 196 mm
• Barrel length: 112 mm
• Magazine capacity: 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 20 rounds (depending on the cartridges used)

This gun has a unique history. The high position in the rating is deserved, because the gun was approved by various armies and special services of the world. As a result of cooperation between SIG and Sauer in the market appeared Sig-Sauer P226. Back in the middle of last century was made model P220, it was used as the basis for the production of the P226.
Gunsmiths note the thoughtful design and excellent quality of execution of the smallest details. If you need to use a small gun, this model will not do. If you look at the photo of SIG-Sauer P226 may give the impression that it is light, as if made of plastic. This is far from reality. In fact, the gun is quite large and heavy. In the hands of professionals relatively large dimensions and good combat power make the weapon indispensable.
The manufacturer of the SIG-Sauer P226 has been creating excellent quality weapons for many years. The use of new developments is the main key to the success of the company.
The pistol was created back in 1981 as a competition piece for the U.S. Army. Perhaps the most important disadvantage of this pistol is its high cost, which prevented it from taking the first place in the list of the best firearms.

Beretta 92

• Country of manufacturerItaly
• Developed by: 1975
• Curb weight: 0.95 kg
• Length: 217 mm
• Barrel length: 125 mm
• Initial bullet velocity: 390 m/s
• Magazine capacity: 15 rounds

The Italian firearms manufacturer, which is considered the oldest in Europe, has created a pistol that is unique in every way - the Beretta 92. Today it is the best gun in the worldToday the Beretta 92 and a large number of modified models are successfully used by armies and special forces of many countries.
But, even the leader of the rating has disadvantages - it is too big handle, as well as a significant weight, compared to other guns of this class.

Firearms with a large number of rounds

If you've always wondered how in Hollywood action movies the hero manages to outgun an entire enemy army without reloading, here's the answer. In today's selection of species firearms with a large number of cartridgesThe real weapon for those who are not used to saving bullets.

Frommer Stop M17, converted for use as a machine gun

Mariette Brevete Pepperbox capsule gun

Latvian SerLea submachine gun

AKMS assault rifle with an 80-round magazine attached to the barrel

Large capacity magazine for Glock pistol

Spanish Ascaso of 1921

Mariette Pepperbox Colt Defender Mark I

Saiga assault rifle with an underbarrel...Kalashnikov assault rifle

Philippine M-16 with a bent magazine

Or shoot out of ten at once

Better yet, 16 barrels.

8 drums, 48 shots

Double-barrelled, 30-shot

M134 "Minigun"

Carlo Tarauletti, 1979

Russia's Best Guns

Makarov pistol

Makarov pistol with magazine and cartridges (9×18 mm PM)

After World War II, the Soviets were engaged not only in the development of nuclear weapons, but also in the development of new, more advanced pistols designed to replace the 1933 model TT and the Nagan revolver. The designers worked simultaneously on two versions of weapons:

1. The more compact one, which shoots only single shots, is a means of self-defense for military personnel who are not entitled to a carbine or automatic rifle, and for law enforcement personnel who value the option of concealed carry;
2. With a longer barrel, which fires both single shots and bursts, it is designed for combat and special forces firefighting operations.

The first pistol was developed on the basis of the German Walther PP, which first appeared in 1929. Initially two caliber models were designed - 7.65 mm and 9 mm. As a result, Nikolay Fedorovich Makarov, "father" of the famous PM, also created his own 9 × 18 mm PM cartridge, which proved more powerful than the Walther's 9 × 17. This cartridge and caliber were preferred. The pistol won the competition in 1948, and three years later it entered into service with the military.

On the basis of the Walther Makarov, he managed to create a weapon of simpler design by reducing the number of parts and combining their functions, while increasing their strength and virtually eliminating the possibility of the cartridge bumping into the chamber, which leads to delayed firing. The pistol has a very high range (effective range is 50 meters) and accuracy for a compact weapon. The magazine holds 8 rounds.

Even today, the PM is the best Russian pistol remaining in the arsenal of the Russian law enforcement agencies.

Stechkin automatic pistol

Stechkin pistol with holstered buttstock

It was the second pistol to win the competition for military officers and soldiers of several special units, and entered into service in 1951. Later on, due to disadvantages revealed by its use, it was withdrawn from production, but after the USSR collapse it was again in demand as a weapon against terrorism and organized crime. In those "wild nineties" under the leadership of Igor Yakovlevich Stechkin improved modifications were developed:

• OC-23 Dart;
• UC-27 Berdysh;
• OC-33 Pernach.

The disadvantages of the Stechkin automatic pistol were considered to be its excessive bulkiness, particularly in combination with the holster-butt and insufficient power due to the unfortunate choice of cartridge. The ideal for the "native" Makarov 9×18 mm PM gives too short an effective range (no more than 100 m) and penetration for the APS.

Important advantages of the APS are its low recoil and negligible rebound, which allow the gun to fire quickly and accurately, which is very good in close combat. These advantages of Stechkin's brainchild, combined with excellent accuracy and reliability, make it one of the best Russian-made pistols.

Today Russian pilots on combat missions in Syria are armed with 20-shot APS as their personal weapons.

Tula Tokarev Pistol (TT)

This is what an authentic wartime TT looks like

The TT is the most legendary of the pistols of the USSR and Russia, created in 1930, which went through the war, was used after it, and has not lost its popularity to this day. TT sports and signal modifications, pneumatics and traumatizers, sold under various brand names, are produced and in demand.

Designed by F. Tokarev on the basis of the 1903 Browning cartridge 7.63 × 25 mm Mauser, it is loaded with eight rounds of 7.62 × 25 mm TT ammunition and has the same effective range as the PM (50 m). 195 mm long, it is quite concealed. It has a number of design features, the most notable being absence of a safety, replaced by a cocking safety. It has high power and accuracy.

GSh-18 pistol

GSh-18 is used as a service and award weapon

It was created in modern Russia and has been in service since 2001. The letters in the name are owed to the designers Gryazev V.P. and Shipunov A.G., and the numbers tell about the capacity of the magazine.

It is currently on the list of award weapons and is in service with the following national departments:

• DOJ;
• FSSP;
• Ministry of Defense (along with the PM);
• Prosecution (along with Beretta 92);
• Interior Ministry (as a weapon for a number of categories of employees and partially for special forces).

The 9×19 mm 7H31 armor-piercing cartridge was specifically designed for Gryazev-Shipunov, but other ammunition, including 9×19 Parabellum and 9×19 NATO, is also suitable for the gun.

The length of the gun is only 183 mm. 50 m range, but it has an option to supply luminous capsules for firing in low visibility conditions and quite comfortable for the shooter due to its low weight (up to 800 g with a full magazine), thought-out shape of the grip and partial absorption of recoil.

Gurza gun

The Gurza pistol magazine (SPS, SR-1) holds 18 rounds of 9×21 mm high efficiency ammunition

"The name "Gurza" is given to the Serdyukov semiautomatic pistol, known as SPS and under the designation SR-1. The Gurza was created at the Central Research Institute of Special Forces and has been in production since 1996.

It was designed to fire 9x21 mm ammunition of enhanced effectiveness, developed at the same institution, and features extended effective range (100 m), ability to engage human targets in "armor" as well as non-armored vehicles. It holds 18 rounds and weighs 1110 g together with them.

The best revolvers in the world

Colt Python

Colt Python with a "royal" finish

This six-shot .357 Magnum was produced from 1955 to 1996 in several variations, with different barrel lengths, with attractive finish, and was popular with rich and famous people, especially the monarchs.

Taurus Raging Bull 454 and Taurus Raging Bull 500 revolvers

In our country, we prefer to hunt medium-sized animals with shotguns, but in the U.S. hunters like to use things like the Taurus Raging Bull.

Thanks to its caliber, this revolver can replace a shotgun. If you load it with a 454 Casull cartridge, you can safely go hunting even an elephant, although with a shotgun still somehow calmer.

Some Taurus models have a rubber grip and a 7- or 8-round drum that will be very useful for hunting - who knows how many times you will hit. Ammunition used in the gun: bullets, pellets, buckshot. For more accurate shooting, the gun can be fitted with an additional sight. It weighs from 1.5 to 2.2 kg, depending on the model design.

Smith & Wesson Model 29

Smith & Wesson Model 29, with holster

Smith & Wesson Model 29 revolvers, along with the Nagan and Colt, are among the most famous revolvers in the world. It was produced in 1955, but unlike the Colt Python, it has never been phased out. It often appears in movies and computer games. It fires almost all .44 caliber revolver cartridges.

Colt 1909

Colt 1909 was in service with the U.S. Army and Navy

Manufactured between 1898 and 1940, the Colt New Service was used as a service weapon by U.S. Army and Navy, including both World Wars, the Korean War and even Vietnam War, but the double action trigger assembly gave high rate of fire.

The main cartridge is a .45 Colt.

Smith & Wesson Model 19

Smith & Wesson Model 19 - an evergreen classic

The first revolver to use the .357 Magnum cartridge, which significantly increased bullet velocity and penetration. Reliable, accurate, and at the same time, relatively small in size. Still in production today.

Ruger GP100

The Ruger GP100 is reliable, accurate and not overpriced

Developed in 1985, the .357 Magnum 6-round drum, flawless quality of materials used, adequate reliability, accurate shooting at a reasonable cost are the advantages that made this revolver popular.

The most powerful air pistols

We all got used to pneumatics since childhood. Shooting at a shooting range and homemade "air guns" in any representative of the stronger sex for life leave an interest in weapons. Today the market abounds with professionally made pneumatics. It is no longer necessary to limit yourself to a rifle, chained to the table top in the range. No need and rape yourself with unsightly crafts - modern store products and more powerful, and beautiful. Many of them look like duplicate well-known firearms models.

Weapons based on the operation of gas, very different power. Accordingly, it is designed for different purposes. Of course, almost everyone wants a weapon more powerful. But it is important to understand that pneumatics, the energy of which exceeds 7.5 J, is subject to licensing, which means that it is not suitable for everyone.

Theoretically, there are no limits to the power of weapons that work thanks to the power of "wind". A couple of centuries ago our ancestors seriously considered switching from firearms to pneumatic guns. Skilled people are able to modify purchased "toys" to a state that allows not be afraid of any punk. The most powerful at the moment pneumoweapons - rifle, characterized by energy over 600 J. Of course, with such indicators can fearlessly go on a boar and a bear.

But we live in a state of law, so it is much more important for us to understand what is the most powerful air gun without a license. Below are the top 10 most powerful and reliable air guns. The list is based on the ratio of power characteristics and reliability.

General guidelines for selecting

When choosing a gun for hunting small game, you should give preference to a gun with a stock and the longest barrel, because the longer the barrel, the better the trajectory of the bullet. With the stock it is easier to aim. For hunting, of course, it is better to choose PCP type gun, since products of this type do not have strong vibrations when shooting (like spring-piston ones, for example) and the scope (without which hunting is impossible) will serve long and will not be knocked down.

For recreational target shooting, any type of air gun is fine. In order not to depend on an air cylinder or compressor, it is better to choose a spring-loaded piston air gun.

If you want a gun that most closely resembles a combat pistol, you should consider a gas-operated air rifle.

It is important to understand that any type of weapon, even with energy not higher than 7.5 J, is dangerous and requires strict adherence to safety rules. And a bullet of 4.5 mm caliber at 265 m/s pierces through a steel bath. For self-defense you should not use pneumatic guns. The law does not provide for that. In addition, some multi-guns have characteristics similar to those of military firearms. For self-defense is better to buy a gas or trauma gun, or taser. More about how to choose a stump

Briefly about features

All existing weapons are divided into certain types, which differ in many characteristics. The power of airguns should be measured in Joules. But we'll cheat a little this time. For the average buyer it is better to be guided by one figure - the bullet speed. Let's agree a little: a powerful air gun produces a bullet speed on the chrono more than 140 m/s. The figure is taken from the ceiling, but that is where hardball players start to get a little "afraid" and nervous paranoia about overestimating speeds.

You can try to look at Joules as well. Anything under 3 Joules is a toy, but you should look more closely at the category up to 7.5 Joules.

Powerful air pistols will be considered out of the box, as even the most harmless air pistols in the tuned versions can easily accelerate half-gram bullets far beyond 200 m/s. If even that is not enough, pay attention to hunting samples. For example, the Hatsan 135 recently showed 353.6 m/s on our chronograph. But buying such powerful air pistol requires additional gestures.

So what to buy?

Indeed, enough chatter, let's move on to recommendations. Let's take a look at the most popular examples in the "Powerful Air Pistol up to 7.5 Joules" category.

✅Leading manufacturers

There are a large number of air gun manufacturers in the world with a wide range of different models of pistols. Among this variety, the leaders always stand out:

1. A+APopular brand for the manufacture of air rifles, pistols and accessories. The products are distinguished by a thoughtful design, the assembly of each model is carried out individually and only under the supervision of specialists.
2. Crosman. powerful airguns without a license are the products of the company "Crosman". The corporation is considered a major manufacturer and supplier of profile products in the U.S. and other countries. The products are aimed at young people, which is associated with unpretentiousness, low price and no need for a license.
3. HatsanThe brand must be at the top, because the products meet quality standards and the technical performance deserves respect. The company is recognized worldwide, and certain types of products are in never-ending demand and popularity.
4. GamoThe manufacturer is located in Spain and is considered a major supplier of specialized weapons in Europe. The company opened back in 1961, and during the entire period the model range has been expanded, supplemented by more modern, powerful rifles, pistols and optics.
5. Baikal. manufactures the most powerful pneumatic pistols in Russia. The Izhevsk plant has developed a wide product line, which includes copies of real firearms. Some products are considered unique.

If we go further down the list of manufacturers, here stands out companies Umarex, AirSoft, Gletcher and Borner. Each representation can find a good version of air pistols.

Purchase Objectives

When choosing an air gun, you need to decide what purpose it is intended for in order to choose the right option. If as a sports gun, then you need a precise weapon that will fit perfectly in the hand and hit the target with the results we want. Against robbers waiting in dark alleys, it is optimal ... a heavy and strong piece of metal, so air guns for self defense in this regard can be replaced by something cheaper. And a powerful gun in this case is not always strong. For hunting ne

And what about in hardball? And in hardball, after looking at a powerful air gun teammate, unwittingly begins to reach for something more powerful within the limits of the permitted (up to 180 m/c, up to 7.5 J.). Powerful air gun for hardball also perfectly suits the civilian average for the destruction of glass bottles. And on this excellent toy does not require absolutely no papers.

Procedure for obtaining a license

For citizens of the Russian Federation (who have reached the age of 18) there are two ways to obtain a license to purchase pneumatic weapons. You can get a license for sporting or hunting line. Accordingly, the list of documents that must be submitted to the licensing and permit department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs at the place of registration is different.

In order to obtain a license a citizen of the Russian Federation must:

• undergo a medical commission, confirming the absence of contraindications to the possession of weapons;
• undergo a medical examination in a narcological dispensary/department for the use of psychotropic and narcotic substances, with the issuance of an appropriate conclusion;
• to undergo training courses in the handling of weapons with the issuance of a certificate;

If weapons are purchased for sports, it is necessary to submit an application (indicating the type of weapon sport) from a sports federation. In this case, the sports federation must have all-Russian level and accreditation in accordance with Russian law. In addition, to purchase a sport air gun, you must have a document from the sports organization (institution), confirming the sport. And to purchase a hunting pistol will require a hunting ticket.

The storage and use of air pistols with a muzzle energy of more than 7.5 J and a caliber of more than 4.5 mm outside sports facilities is prohibited by Russian Federation law.

Umarex Walther cp99

Many consider Umarex one of the best companies producing airguns. This model is a semi-automatic pistol that shoots 4.5 millimeter caliber balls at over 100 m/s. Despite its compact size, the gun is quite heavy - 800 g. This makes it pleasant to the touch and brings it close to a firearm in tactile sensations. Power - 3 J.

Umarex Walther

The stylish appearance of the weapon becomes a secondary consideration as soon as you take it in your hands. It is clear that it is not a toy, but a real help in sports or (God forbid) on the street.

The German model is equipped with a laser sight mount. Accuracy makes up for its not very high rate of fire. And, of course, it is necessary to note the highest quality of assembly - the Germans, after all.

Gletcher Brt 92fs

A pistol with a blockback system is a replica of the legendary Beretta. The imitation is in this ranking not only because of the power parameters, but also because of the presence of said system. The blockback is an imitation of the bolt movement of a firearm. Of course, it consumes additional energy that could have been used to shoot. But even so, the pistol is characterized by three joules.

Gletcher Brt.

The Glacier would be an excellent weapon for shooting entertainment. CO2 is used as a source of energy. 4.5 mm bullets are used as ammunition. Ammunition flight speed is 100 m/s. Weight of "Beretta" is 1100 gr. Length of the copy is 215 mm.

Steel Storm Umarex

Among other things, this model has an original design that makes it look more like a fantasy blaster than a blowgun, but the toy look does not make the gun less powerful and reliable.

Umarex storm

Characteristics of another Umarex:

• energy - 3 Joules;
• The ammunition velocity is 130 m/s;
• The caliber of the bullet is 4.5 mm;
• Length - 38 cm.

The model has a lot of advantages - excellent aiming, good shooting accuracy, fast reloading, small size and very high quality performance. On the other hand, the air gun has a not very comfortable fire mode switch. The body also somewhat lacks durability. However, this drawback is easily turned into an advantage - light and compact product becomes very convenient because of it.

Crosman C11

This model also looks a bit like a toy, but it has no negative effect on functionality. The gun features high rate of fire and a smooth steel housing with a silencer mimic nozzle.

Crosman C11

Parameters:

• energy - 3.2 J;
• The caliber of the bullets is 4.5 mm;
• weight - 500 g;
• length - 170 mm;
• speed - 138 m/s.

This is probably the best air pistol with these design characteristics. It has good power, is relatively compact and inexpensive.

Walther CP88 Competition

One of the principal features of this gun is an elongated barrel, which gives the shot precise aiming and decent velocity. Other features include soft, smooth trigger and comfortable grip. As with other "licensed" designs, caliber is 4.5 mm. Weight is 1150 g, barrel length is 143 mm, total length is 230 mm. Energy is 3 J.

Walther CP88 Competition

Most of the housing is made of plastic. There are metal (high quality steel) and wooden (ebony) elements. This is a premium model, which is distinguished by excellent build, quality materials and considerable cost.

Umarex Beretta 92 FS 4.5

What is the best air rifle? This title is claimed by another Umarex, again imitating a Beretta. The German barrel fully justifies the considerable price - the assembly is very high quality, and the characteristics are on par.

Umarex Beretta 92 FS 4.5

Weapon Parameters:

• maximum firing range - 250 m;
• weight - 1260 g;
• energy - 3 Joules;
• Charge flight speed - 120 m/s;
• total length - 210 mm;
• The barrel length is 115 mm.

The casing is made of metal, and overall the gun bears little resemblance to pneumatics - the imitation is very similar to the original pistol. The product is comfortable to use. Accurate internal rifling ensures high accuracy of shooting.

MR-654K-32

This is one of the airguns that are made in Russia. It is inferior to the leaders of the rating, which are also made in our country. But still the MP is characterized by excellent indicators. Perhaps this airgun has the highest index of reliability - it is very difficult to "kill" the model. This makes the gun one of the most in demand in the Russian market.

MP-654K-32 pistol

Model Specifications:

• Length - 169 mm;
• The caliber of the bullet is 4.5 mm;
• The charge speed is 125 m/s;
• energy - 3 joules;
• The capacity is 13 rounds of ammunition.

The gun is made of weapon steel and the handle is made of bakelite, which makes the handle even more comfortable to use - ergonomics, as well as many other points, are at a high level.

The Makarov imitation also has a disadvantage, because of the relatively short barrel, the shooting characteristics of this model are not the best. But for a beginner shooter, it may be the best choice, which indirectly proves the demand for the model.

Crosman C31

In our search for the answer to the question of which air gun is the most powerful, we have reached the third place. Crosman is one of the strongest and most powerful, but at the same time stylish and design laconic airguns. The gun shoots accurately and smoothly, lies well in the hand and looks like its firearms counterpart.

Crosman C31

The parameters of the gun will please both new shooters and experienced air gun users:

• The muzzle energy is 3.5 Joules;
• weight - 680 g;
• length - 215 mm;
• barrel length - 105 mm;
• type of bullets - BBs (steel);
• The caliber of the balls is 4.5 mm.

Skif A-3000

The Skiffs, as usual, are good as a whole, from the packaging to the grip. The revolver looks very stylish and modern. It has a built-in open sight, which is rare for such designs. There are notches on the grip, making the gun much more comfortable to use. The A-3000 is an imitation of the German Heckler & Koch.

Skif A-3000

As for ammunition, you can feed the Skiff just about anything. The omnivorous air gun accepts any option, except maybe long darts.

Parameters:

• The charge speed is 180 m/s;
• energy - 7.5 Joules;
• weight - 720 g;
• length - 185 mm.

Zoraki HP-01 Ultra

The gun has many modifications, but the Ultra has an elongated barrel, which positively affects the power. Turkish company "Zoraki" is known for its quality. This model uses multi-compression system. The mechanics is that the more pumping you do, the higher the power. There is a safety valve so as not to spoil the tank with excess pressure during inflation. The model is sold in two calibers - 4.5mm and 5.5mm. The gun has two "Weaver" bars, for a sight and for a flashlight or a spotlight.

Ataman AP16

This pistol has different calibers and different modifications. 5.5 mm caliber and Lothar Walter barrel, manufactured by Russian company Ataman (Demyan Ltd.), which produces premium level products. This pistol has decent range and accuracy of 2 MOA (15 mm) at 25 meters and is a PCP class air gun with "dovetail" fastener. The model is excellent for hunting.

Ataman-M2

Despite the similar name to the previous model, it has a different manufacturer. The gun is represented by the Tula gunmakers, the company A+A. The feature of this gun is the combined principle of operation. The gun belongs to the PCP pneumatics, but in the high pressure tank you can put two cans of gas (12 grams, spouts to each other through a special spacer) and when screwing the cap gas from the can goes into the tank. The gun is a copy of Beretta92FS and designed to shoot bullets. The Weaver rail is put as an option for the pistol.

Hatsan AT-P2

All Turkish AT-P2 pistols are known for their power, and AT-P2 is no exception. It is equipped with detachable tactical buttstock which increases accuracy and has combined dovetail/Pikatinny bar.

Kral Puncher NP-02

Rifle pistol from the Turkish manufacturer. It has a stock/reservoir and additional reservoir under the barrel. The compressed air volume allows for 120 shots. Weaver/Pikatinny rail for optics and Weaver rail for a spotting scope. The long barrel and large number of shots make this gun the best for hunting.

FX Ranchero

The Swedish company FX Airguns is famous for its reliability and ruggedness. The gun has a rifled FX Smootht wist (an innovative development of the company) and comes in two calibers, 4.5mm and 5.5mm. It has a dovetail mount. The principle of action - PCP. Price over 120 thousand rubles.

Evanix Hunting Master AR-6

The most powerful air pistol, more precisely, a revolver. The power exceeds 60 joules. The revolver mechanism has 6 cartridges. It belongs to the PCP-type. The initial bullet velocity is the same as a firearm. Produced in Korea. It has the reliability of a Kalashnikov. The price exceeds 120 thousand rubles. It is difficult to buy in Russia. Evanix company catalogs collected probably the most powerful pneumatic weapons in the world.

Anix A-112

It is the most powerful air pistol in the world, the purchase of which would not be fraught with problems with Russian law enforcement agencies. The family of gas-powered Anixes in general has proven to be an excellent air pistol. Besides other advantages, the A-112 is very economical - the patented design allows rational use of gas.

Anix A-112

Familiarize yourself with the leader's parameters:

• energy of 7.5 Joules (more than twice the power of most competitors); the gun balances on the verge of being approved for use by "mere mortals;
• capacity - 15 bullets;
• length - 218 mm;
• weight - 980 g;
• The flight speed of the balls is 165 m/s;
• The maximum firing range is 300 m.

The most powerful air pistol is somewhat smaller than some of the other options in this rating. But that does not prevent it from being significantly better. The only downside is the lack of obvious similarity to its combat analogues. This is not an imitation of a particular model of firearm, but a kind of collective image of various "real" pistols.

Mariner Valley, the largest canyon in the solar system

The largest canyon in the solar system crosses the disk of Mars in a wide strip. This huge valley, called Mariner's Valley, is more than 3,000 kilometers long, 600 kilometers wide and 8 kilometers deep. (9 photos)

The origin of Mariner's Valley remains unknown, although the most likely hypothesis suggests that it formed as a fissure several billion years ago as the planet cooled.
It has recently been discovered that some geological processes are continuing in the canyon.
The valley of the Mariner is divided into several districts. At the western end is an area called the Labyrinth of Night, to the east is Titon Canyon and Io, followed by Milas and Ophir, still further east by Coprates, Ganges, Eos and Capri. Further on are areas of ruined terrain, called Chaos, which end in the plain of Chrysas.
The Mariner Valley is so long that when it's nighttime at one end, the other end is still lit up by daylight. This results in temperature differences and, as a consequence, powerful winds blowing throughout the canyon.
By comparison, the earth's Grand Canyon in the U.S. is 800 kilometers long, 30 kilometers wide and 1.8 kilometers deep. If Mariner's Valley is placed within the U.S., it would extend across the states, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific.
Mariner Valley.

Jumping Tiger Gorge

Located in China on the Yangtze River in the Sino-Tibet Mountains, the picturesque, green-covered rift claims to be the deepest canyon in the world. In some places, its walls turn into real mountain chambers up to 3000 m high. The canyon is 30 m wide, which, according to legend, the magic tiger overcame in one jump, escaping from hunters.

Tara Canyon

Montenegro is famous for its many beautiful places, and this time the palm is the largest canyon of the Tara River in Europe. The length of this natural wonder is 82 kmIn some places, the height of the walls reaches more than 1300 meters! Tara is only 500 meters behind Colorado, and its canyon is considered the deepest in Europe.

There are beautiful emerald mountains, cool gorges and waterfalls all around. The whole area is part of the Durmitori National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Around the canyon rise Mount Lubyshnya, Zlatni Bor, Synjaevina and the famous Durmitor.

The Djurdjevic arch bridge was built across the river. It is 160 m high above the water - the highest automobile bridge in the country and in all of Europe.

This bridge has an interesting history:

It was designed by Mijat Trojanovic, with Isaac Rousseau as chief engineer, and was completed in 1937. One of the engineers, Lazar Janukovic, intentionally blew up the bridge during World War II so that it could be rebuilt later, for which he was executed by the occupation authorities. A Djurdjevic - just a farmer whose house stood nearby, and now his last name is immortalized :). The bridge survived World War II, was rebuilt in 1946 and still has bullet marks on it.

Tara - the dream and the dream of fans of rafting, rafting and canyoning. If you like active recreation on the water, be sure to visit Montenegro - you will not regret it.

Grand Canyon - USA

This canyon, contrary to popular belief, is not the largest in the world - it is the most famous canyon on the planet. It is 1,828 meters deep and 445 kilometers long.

This majestic place is one of the Seven Wonders of the World of Nature. Now the Grand Canyon is visited by about five million people a year, with tourists coming from all continents.

Highlights

Grand Canyon

No description can truly prepare one for the scale and grandeur of this vast canyon, stretching as far as the eye can see into a grand complex of canyons, waterfalls, caves, towers, escarpments and ravines. The Grand Canyon always seems to look new, and the sunlight and shadows from passing clouds cause the rocks to constantly change shades of color in a subtle range from black and purple-brown to pale pink and bluish gray. Findings in caves suggest that the Grand Canyon was home to its first inhabitants

The Horseshoe, the famous bend in the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon

North of the Grand Canyon
A riot of color

Inside Antelope Canyon, which is northeast of the Grand Canyon

Here you can enjoy an incredible palette of colors, looking at the scarlet, gold and orange cliffs, purple chasms, and crystal clear waters, making it one of the most beautiful places on Earth. After seeing the sunset in the Grand Canyon, the poet Carl Sandberg cried, "Here comes God with an army of standard-bearers!"

The south end of the Grand Canyon is the most popular place, as it is easily accessible from the highway that runs parallel to the edge of the canyon. There are several viewpoints and hiking trails.

The northern edge, where the height of the canyon walls becomes much more noticeable, is visited by tourists much less often, because it is not so easy to get here. You can still get to the Tuwip area by several dirt roads and enjoy stunning views, but in general the area is inaccessible for cars.

In addition to the Grand Canyon, there are many side canyons and gorges, but most of them require time or a difficult rafting trip down the Colorado River to explore.

After a single trip here, you begin to understand why this place is so popular and why it is considered a unique wonder of nature.

Ancient Navajo lore tells of a brave hero named Packit-haawi who ended the Great Flood by taking a heavy stick and cracking the solid earth so that all the water could escape into the resulting fissure. Geologists say the gorge was formed over 40-50 million years as the Colorado River steadily deepened its course.

History of the formation of a natural masterpiece

Many people wonder how the Grand Canyon was formed, because it takes not even thousands, but millions of years to create such a natural masterpiece. It is assumed that from the time the Colorado River flowed through the plain, but the movement of the plates triggered the rise of the plateau. This changed the angle of the river channel, the flow rate increased, and the rocks began to wash out faster.

The upper layer consisted of limestone, which washed out first. Deeper was the sandstone and shale, but even these could not resist the violent current that washed over the plateau for millions of years. Thus, about five million years ago, the Grand Canyon took on a form similar to what you see today. However, soil erosion still continues, so several million more years later the natural site could change significantly.

Yarlung Tsangpo

The deepest canyon on the planet is located in the Tibetan Himalayas. The fog-covered gorge is called the last geographical mystery of the Earth. Its greatest depth is 6009 meters, length - about 500 km. thoroughly examined only in 1994. Everything that was known about it before, sounded too fantastic.

The canyon has unusual horseshoe-shaped outlines. It is surrounded by the highest mountains with snow-white peaks, which merge with the sky blue, becoming almost invisible. They often attract beginners climbers, but can be conquered only by professionals.

The Tsangpo River runs through the canyon. It is at its widest at 80 meters, but from the height of the mountain peaks it looks like a barely visible thread. Rafting on the river is considered quite difficult, but this does not prevent it from being popular among rafters.

The canyon is characterized by a special ecosystem, where snow-capped peaks are adjacent to flowering vegetation. The diversity of species of flora and fauna is due to the presence of several habitats:

• Warm air reigns below, comfortable for many plant life;
• Above, in difficult mountain conditions, there are completely different animals and vegetation, adapted to the lack of oxygen and low temperatures.

Kolka

Located in Peru, it is considered one of the most visited places in the state. The depth is 3.4 km. The first people to inhabit Colca were representatives of the original tribes of the pre-Incan era. Here they managed to create an intricate system of agricultural plots covering over 10 thousand hectares. The name of the gorge translates as "granary with grain".

It was formed by the activities of the volcanoes Hualka and Sabancaya. The canyon attracts hundreds of tourists:

• Unique views from unprecedented heights;
• Incredible nature;
• Colorful settlements.

On one of the highest points of the Colca, the Cruz del Condor observation platform is formed, which allows you to see the "masters of the Andes", the largest birds on the planet - condors, from the closest possible distance.

The canyon is famous for its comfortable hotels near the hot springs. After a hard hike, tourists will enjoy impeccable service and relax in the swimming pool with natural water.

Sulak Canyon

6th place in the list of deepest canyons is occupied by Dagestan's Sulak Gorge, surrounded by the Salatau and Gimry mountain ranges. It is 1.92 km deep and is considered one of the most attractive local attractions.

Once up on the plateau, you can admire the stunning panorama of the Sulak River and the many hydroelectric power plants installed on it. Remember that the gorge is not equipped with railings, viewing platforms and fences, so it is very dangerous to be on top of it.

Kali Gandaki

Second place in the ranking of the deepest canyons in the world is Kali Gandaki. It is located in Nepal. Depth - 6,000 meters. The name of the gorge comes from the name of the Hindu goddess Kali, who personifies the power of natural forces. Locals consider the canyon sacred. Every year it is visited by many pilgrims who are attracted here by the shrines and non-man-made natural wonders: such as burning stones.

The canyon is surrounded by enormous mountains rising 8,000 meters. The difference in elevation forms a variety of landscapes. At the level of 3 km, among the lifeless mountain slopes, you can find small villages whose residents twice a year gather crops from local oases. The shrines located on the mountain slopes and remote villages give this place a touch of antiquity and mystery.

Blyde River Canyon

Located in South Africa, the Blyde River Canyon in South Africa is not the largest on Earth, but it does have a good chance of being called green. Its average depth is 762 meters, the gorge is 26 kilometers long and is covered with lush subtropical vegetation, which definitely adds to its charm.

The deepest part of the canyon, from the top of Mount Marypscope down to the mouth, is 1,372 meters. The Blyde River Canyon offers some of the most incredible African scenery in the world. The canyon is filled with amazing fauna, including all five species of South African primates.

Antelope Canyon

Once again, the U.S. To the north of Arizona, one of the planet's most magical, amazing canyons stretches across the lands of the Navajo Indians. The red sand walls, resembling the color of antelope skins, carved by whimsical waves, create unique shifts in light and draw you into a world of natural magic and attract photographers from around the world. To get to them, you need a special permit and Indian guide, which in itself is an added adventure.

​

Vikos Canyon

Elegant and beautiful - like the country it represents, it soars into the sky for 1.6 km (1600 m), and the width in some places does not exceed a few meters. Technically Vikos is not a canyon, but a gorge. The difference is determined by the ratio of depth to width. Thus, it is considered the deepest gorge in the world and even entered in the Guinness Book of Records. Bottom line: in Montenegro - the deepest European canyon, and in Greece - gorge :)

The rich nature of Vikos Aoos Park, the crystal waters of the Vodoymati River and the warm Balkan climate fill the trails with life, light and harmony. The distinctive feature of this area, which is incidentally called Zagorochoria, is the stone arched bridges. Beautiful, openwork, they are recognized as the most beautiful in the Balkans. As you walk, it seems as if a muse or nymph will run out of the forest... And could an ancient civilization arise in less beautiful conditions? The villages in this mountainous outback are also charismatic: paved streets, stone houses with views over the rocky massif... Along

By the way, Vikos is only a few hours drive from Thessaloniki (read "from the sea")), which makes it a great addition to the beach vacation. Perhaps for friends or relatives hiking in Vikos will be a good introduction to outdoor activities ;))

We have a hike on Vikos - join us )

Copper Canyon - Mexico

To be precise, this canyon is located near Chihuahua, and it is not the only one - there are six canyons, which together form the Copper Canyon. Barranca del Cobre, so it is called in Spanish after the green and copper-red shade of its walls.

The deepest canyon in the system, the Barranca de Urique, goes deep at 1,879 meters. Copper Canyon is rich in wildlife, but unfortunately, many species are now endangered by deforestation.

Canyon of Cotahuachi - Peru

The Cotahuasi Canyon, at its deepest point, drops sharply to a depth of 3,535 meters. It was carved by the Cotahuasi River between two mountain ranges, Coropuna and Solimana. The scenery surrounding the Cotahuasi Canyon is spectacular and remote.

Kali Gandeki Gorge - Nepal

The Kali River, which winds its way through the Kali Gandeki Gorge in Nepal, is even older than the high Himalayan mountain range that surrounds it. The river is named after the Hindu goddess Kali; and its waters are black and murky because of the glacial silt.

The exact depth of the giant Kali Ganeki Gorge is debated because not everyone agrees on the height of its edge. However, if the depth were measured from the highest peaks on either side and down to the river, it would be the deepest canyon in the world with a depth of approximately 6,800 meters.

Ordesa River Canyon

Catalan Pyrenees, Spain

Жемчужина Испании, гордая Каталония, хранит бесценные сокровища природы, и среди них — уникальный каньон реки Ордеса. Из всех «европейцев» по форме и очертаниям стен он наиболее напоминает «Большого Брата». Высота в разных местах колеблется от 400 до 1000 метров. А вершины, которые окружают Ордесу, достигают 3000м! Если Тара изумляет насыщенной зеленью, то здесь — именно те каменные отвесы, которые представляешь себе при мысли о каньоне. Древние породы изъедены временем и дождями, горы вокруг щетинятся острыми пиками… Устье реки заросло лиственным лесом, в котором бродят дикие звери и туристы. Последних, кстати, больше 🙂

Ordesa is located in the Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park. Monte Perdido (3355m) is the third highest peak in the Pyrenees, and it is possible to climb it (or at least close to it) from the canyon. The settlements in the park are a separate attraction, because they are real medieval castles! And with the mountains as a background...

Пешеходные маршруты от Торлы или Ото (самые известные замки) ведут вдоль реки по живописных лесах между стен ущелья и взлетают на панорамные альпийские луга, с которых уже видны самые высокие снежные вершины Пиренев. Классно, правда? 😉

Canyons of Europe - A great vacation decoration, an addition to the active holiday and just amazing views!

Кстати, именно в эти Вы можете отправиться с нами 🙂 Записывайтесь в походы — будем рады открыть мир с Вами вместе!

Verdon Canyon

The natural jewel of France is still the deepest canyon in Europe. And although it is not that deep or long compared to Chinese or American gorges - only 700 m high walls and 25 km long - but all the unhurried, spaced beauty of Provence merges here with the unruffled might of the ancient mountains. The bright turquoise ribbon of the river allows water cycling and kayaking, while the white-grey with a subtle mauve hue is available for climbing. Generous France opens a world of pleasure to every taste - because the Riviera and the banner are already nearby

Verdon Canyon

Caperty Valley - Australia

This majestic canyon is the largest in Australia and is known for its rough landscape and high sandstone slopes. Because of its age, Caperty Valley is not as deep as some of the other canyons on this list, but it makes up for the lack of depth with its size.

The Caperti Valley is 1 kilometer wider and just as much longer than the Grand Canyon. Starting at its source, the Caperti River cuts its way through Triassic rock, which dates back millions of years. The indigenous people of Virajuri have a very extensive history on this land, as shown in their 2000-year-old mountain art.

Главные показатели страны – это люди. Число населения – признак успешной политики государства – значит, имеются приемлемые условия для поддержания достойного уровня жизни.

Итоги демографической политики давно не сдвигаются с мертвой точки, несмотря на все усилия властей. Статистика рождаемости и смертности в России подтверждает это каждый год печальными цифрами. Увеличение населения – приоритетная задача на многие годы вперед!

Что за показатели, для чего важны

Численность на январь 2018 г. составляет 146,8 млн. человек, это 9 место в мире. Уже несколько лет в России смертность превышает рождаемость.

На прирост населения влияет сдвиг среднего детородного возраста к 30 годам и выше. Жизненные приоритеты сильно изменились. Теперь женщины сначала делают карьеру, создают стабильность и уверенность в завтрашнем дне, а после – семью. Увеличение среднего возраста вступления в брак и современные методы контрацепции отрицательно сказываются на динамике.

Спутники смерти – возраст, войны и военные конфликты, болезни. Экономическая ситуация и кризисы.

Численность населения

Что впереди? Выживание или вымирание?

Достижения в мире, в вооружении и прочих областях меркнут на фоне смертности людей. Для чего это делается? Если смертность не уменьшится, все достижения просто некому будет передать, и держать оборону страны будет некому. Успешное государство должно быть первым везде, в том числе и по показателям рождаемости!

Рождаемость и смертность – соотношение этих понятий определяет естественный прирост.

Показатель не привязывается к возрасту, а рассчитывается разницей за период, как правило, год.

Российская Федерация переживает демографический кризис – сокращение численности страны (рождаемости). Ежегодно наблюдается высокая смертность населения. На это повлияли, в первую очередь, трагические события 19 и 20 веков.

1. Первая Мировая война и революция, породившая болезни, голодание и смерть. Эмиграция из России на тот момент была колоссальная. На начало войны было 88 млн., по окончании отток оценивается от 12 до 18 млн. человек.
2. Голод 1933-1934 гг. забрал от 5 до 6,5 млн. человек.
3. Великая Отечественная война. На весну 1946 году число россиян составляло 98 млн. человек, тогда как на начало было — 110 млн. С учетом пика смертности в общей сложности потери оцениваются в катастрофические цифры – от 21 до 24 млн. человек.

Сокращение численности мужчин, отток населения из страны, высокая смертность детей и населения детородного возраста оказали прямую взаимосвязь на рождаемость и смертность населения в настоящее время.

Российская Федерация переживает демографический кризис

В начале 90-х гг. свою роль сыграл кризис и сложное экономическое положение, смертность росла. Российский народ выживал, а показатели рождаемости снижались.

7 мая 2018 года Президентом подписан Указ «О национальных целях и стратегических задачах развития РФ на период до 2024 года». Документ подразумевает повышение основополагающих факторов успешного государства и снижение уровня смертности.

Для этого ведется демографическая политика – комплекс мероприятий, целью которых является повышение рождаемости и воспроизводства населения, снижение смертности. Политика может быть направлена как на стимулирование, так и на снижение уровня населения. В нашей стране происходит стимуляция, ввиду демографического спада, который преследует Россию с начала 20 века.

Государственные меры по повышению рождаемости

1. Финансовое стимулирование.
2. Увеличение периода ухода за ребёнком.
3. Материальная поддержка: льготы, пособия.
4. Единоразовые выплаты: материнский капитал.
5. Пособия семьям на первого ребенка, чей прожиточный минимум ниже среднего.
6. Увеличение дошкольных образовательных учреждений.
7. Улучшение жилищных условий семей с детьми: льготная ипотека и бесплатное жилье.
8. Пропаганда семьи и ценностей. Воспитание в молодом поколении основ семейных взаимоотношений и важности создания новой ячейки общества.
9. Предоставление квот на ЭКО для пар, которые не имеют возможности завести детей.

Интересный факт! Отголоски войны до сих пор отражаются в соотношении полов. На 1150 женщин мужчин на 150 меньше. Это тоже причина уменьшения демографии. При идеальном расчете процент составления пар равен примерно 0,83 %. А если учесть, что семьи строятся не на расчетах, а на симпатиях и любви, этот процент становится ничтожно малым.

На 1150 женщин в России мужчин на 150 меньше

Смертность: причины, количество и меры борьбы

Смертность напрямую зависит от: уровня жизни, качества медицинских услуг. Можно отметить, что рыночная экономика и изменение экономического строя в 1992 году, девальвация, банковский кризис в начале нулевых отразились на платёжеспособности россиян и возможностях государства обеспечивать необходимый прожиточный минимум. В тяжелые периоды стало умирать большее количество людей среднего возраста от алкогольной зависимости. Благосостояние напрямую влияет на рождаемость и смертность.

Печальная статистика говорит о том, что не все жители страны доживают до среднего возраста.

Причины

1. Сердечно-сосудистые заболевания.
2. Онкология.
3. Излечимые болезни, влияющие на смертность из-за несвоевременного выявления (воспаление легких, диабет).
4. Несчастные случаи и ДТП.
5. Суицид.
6. СПИД, ВИЧ, другие неизлечимые болезни, результат которых – неправильный образ жизни.

Вредные привычки, экология, неправильное питание, малоподвижный образ жизни ведут к нарушению здоровья и влияют на развитие серьезных болезней; как следствие – рождаемость снижается.

Не все жители страны доживают до среднего возраста

Цель государства – повысить продолжительность жизни до 78 лет к 2024 году, а к 2030 году — до 80 лет. При этом одновременно должен снижаться уровень бедности и повышаться рождаемость.

На 2024 год приняты документы, задающие основные направления деятельности по повышению продолжительности жизни.

Что делает государство

1. Пропаганда ЗОЖ.
2. Доступный спорт. Программа по установке спортивных площадок и тренажеров в каждом дворе.
3. Программы по переселению врачей в отдаленные районы с последующим представлением жилья.
4. Диспансеризации и ранняя диагностика болезней.
5. Обеспечение медицинских учреждений современным оборудованием. Вероятность вылечить болезнь увеличивается, если она обнаружена на ранней стадии.
6. Квоты на лечение и отдых. Санатории и базы отдыха для лечения и оздоровления на бесплатной основе или с большими скидками.
7. Увеличение социальных выплат. Пенсии, пособии для инвалидов.
8. Увеличение списка доступных лекарств для нуждающихся категорий граждан.

Число россиян увеличивается и за счёт привлечения иностранных граждан – специалистов в разных областях, с дальнейшим получением гражданства.

Итоги в области демографии

Меры по приросту приезжего населения

1. «Зелёный коридор» – упрощенная система получения гражданства. Касается ученых, программистов, преподавателей, которые хотят стать частью России и внести вклад в ее развитие.
2. Бальная аттестация. В основе лежит оценка личных, профессиональных качеств приезжих в соответствии с потребностями рынка труда. Достойным кандидатам предоставляют возможность получить вид на жительство, минуя разрешение на временное проживание.
3. Содействие в возвращении на Родину соотечественникам, проживающим за границей.
4. Предоставление временного места проживания иностранцам, которые могут принести пользу регионам, заинтересованным в их переселении.

На «новых» россиян возлагается большая надежда!

Прогноз и соотношение смертности и рождаемости

Соотношение рождаемости и смертности в России даёт возможность отследить естественный прирост населения. Составляет его три показателя – рождаемость, смертность, продолжительность жизни. Одно выходит из другого.

Большое количество регионов не заселено. Проблем с перенаселением не возникнет. Безусловно, мегаполисы и крупные города станут еще больше, но также поднимется заселенность других территорий: тайга, Урал, Сибирь. Места хватит всем!

Средняя продолжительность жизни в России на 2015 год достигла абсолютного показателя в 71,4 года.

Большое количество регионов России не заселено

Официальный прогноз численности населения РФ до 2035 имеет три варианта:

1. Отрицательный: явное сокращение численности. Рождаемость достигнет очень низкого уровня.
2. Без изменений. Смертность и рождаемость будут примерно на уровне. Данные останутся на одном уровне.
3. Положительный: будет рождаться больше людей, произойдет увеличение численности населения.

В целях контроля и понимания ситуации властями ведется статистика рождаемости и смертности.

Соотношение рождаемости и смертности

По данным Росстата, на 2018 год в России идёт превышение смертности над рождаемостью в 1,2 раза. Есть регионы, где показатель зашкаливает вдвое. Количество россиян компенсируется мигрантами. Наряду с привычными приезжими из Белоруссии, Таджикистана и Узбекистана, страна привлекает жителей Сирии, Вьетнама, Индии.

Разрез по годам

Рождаемость и смертность в России по годам можно проследить по таблице. Данные за последние 70 лет прямо указывают на влияние ситуации в стране и динамику естественного прироста.

*На 2018, данные на 1 сентября.

Демографические взлеты и падения – рождаемость смертность и естественный прирост населения четко видны в таблице.

Cчётчик рождаемости и смертности в реальном времени. Источник: countrymeters.info

Сравним: рождаемость и смертность в мире

Рождаемость и смертность в мире – баланс, который обеспечивает стабильность на планете. Часть стран стремится снизить это число, другая – наоборот. Самая большая страна – Россия – занимает 9 место в десятке населённых мировых держав. Только 2 % от численности планеты россияне.

Самые населенные страны – Китай (18,35), Индия (17,5 %) и США (4,29 %).

Сразу все встаёт на свои места: почему правительство так нацелено на повышение демографии. Коэффициент указан в процентном соотношении к мировому населению. Около 60 % жителей сосредоточено в ТОП 10 стран.

Около 60 % жителей сосредоточено в ТОП 10 стран

Есть маленькие страны, в которых наблюдается численность, как в небольшом городке. По-другому они называются «мини» или «карликовыми».

ТОП три государства, в которых минимальное число жителей:

1. Ватикан (10 000).
2. Тувалу (за 10 000).
3. Палау (20 000).

Из 226 стран Россия стоит на 201 месте по естественному приросту населения. В конце списка много стран Европы и ближайшие соседи: Белоруссия (215), Молдова (206) замыкает список Болгария – проблемы рождаемости и смертности стоят очень остро.

Первые места среди стран, в которых высокая рождаемость, занимают страны Африки. Демографический пик тормозит экономику, средний возраст – 15-20 лет. Ввиду религиозных убеждений, в среднем, на одну африканскую женщину приходится 6 детей. По прогнозам ООН, такими темпами к концу века численность народа Африки превысит количество населения планеты, если никак не влиять на рождаемость.

Что происходит на планете: рождаемость, смертность, общее число людей

Что происходит на планете: рождаемость, смертность, общее число людей. Источник: worldometers.info

Увеличение количества населения – приоритет для России. Огромная территория обеспечит «место» для всех. Малозаселённые и малоосвоенные земли будут стремительно развиваться, становиться удобными для жизни. Повысится урбанизация. Сильная армия, которая складывается только из молодого поколения мужчин, будет при соответствующей рождаемости.

Увеличение количества населения – приоритет для России

Процветание страны зависит от будущих поколений. В развитие вкладывается многое: школы для талантливых детей, спортивные резервы, программы для будущих ученых. Все возможности для развития и успешной жизни, которых становится больше с каждым годом. Есть поддержка со стороны властей. Не хватает только главного – людей. Рождаемость – основа процветания нации и благополучия страны, ответственность за которые лежит на каждом члене общества.

Воспитание в детях правильных приоритетов – задача родителей номер один. Заложенные ценности – вклад нового поколения в будущее страны, который в перспективе обернется постоянным увеличением рождаемости.

Сильная Россия в будущем – непрерывная работа над демографией сейчас.

Один из ярких примеров хорошей истории с геоданными — визуализация зданий по годам постройки. Помимо зрелищности, на картах очень наглядно рассказывается история  по застройке города.

Представлены 9 866 539 зданий в Нидерландах плюс есть другие города.

• Смотреть Амстердам →
• Смотреть Бруклин →
• Смотреть Манхэттен →
• Смотреть Москву →

Данные по Москве представленны в разрезе исторических эпох и относительно правления тех или иных людей: Сталин, Хрущев, Лужков.

Мы помним острые ощущения. Моменты, которые заставляют наши сердца биться быстрее и запускать адреналин: первый поцелуй и выигрышные хоум-раны, горные вершины и победы. Но они скоротечны. Они случаются, а потом их нет.

В эру цифровых технологий, становится ясно, что эти моменты не просто оставляют впечатление в наших воспоминаниях — они пульсируют по всему телу. Наши легкие и сердца больше не служат только биологическими метрономами. Они стали источниками данных, которые должны отслеживаться, анализироваться и визуализироваться. И тут, мы используем технологию, чтобы интерпретировать то, что говорят наши тела.

От рождения к смерти этот ролик показывает средние даты самым важных событий в жизни человека. Например, когда человек научился говорить, когда первый раз напился, первый раз поцеловался, женился, звел ребенка, купил дом, ушел на пенсию и т. д.

Ролик позовляет ответить на частый вопрос людей: «Является ли моя жизнь шаблонной и среднестатистической?»

Инфографика, где на одной картинке собраны 100 самых лучших инструментов и ресурсов для дизайнера. Все инструменты разделены по категориям:

— Типографика
— Стоковые фото
— Стоковая графика
— Инструменты для совместной работы
— Цвета
— Вдохновение
— Редакторы графики
— Дизайн логотипов
— Прототипирование

Инфографика сделана на основе данных Мэтта Стайлса по употреблению алкоголя в разных странах. Но там было очень много прокрутки. Натан Яу переделал эту инфографику и добавил интерактива.

Это определенно не идеальный вариант. В браузерах, отличных от Chrome, все медленно работает и это не самая визуально точная метафора. Но выглядит определенно интересно.

«Другая» категория предназначена для таких напитков, как соджо в Корее и сакэ в Японии, которые не вписываются в другие три категории.

От Плутона к Солнцу — интерактивный сайт-инфографика, который является руководством по солнечной системе. Сайт сделало известное издание Wall Street Journal. На сайте есть фотки всех космических объектов Солнечной системы с полным описанием и характеристиками. Все объекты можно фильтровать по году открытия, типам или размеру. Также можно посмотреть объекты связанные с каждой отдельной планетой.

Идеально подходит чтобы обучать и визуализировать космос.

Смотреть инфографику →